New-age music Stylistic origins Electronic music, folk music, world music, classical music, easy listening, ambient music, progressive rock, minimal music Cultural origins Europe and mainly United States, late 1960s Typical instruments Piano, synthesizer, sampler, sequencer, strings, found sounds (often bird song or whale song, waterfalls, etc), folk instruments, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, drums, flutes, harp, sitar, tamboura, tabla, organ Subgenres Fusion genres Celtic fusion Other topics New Age, meditation, environmentalism, List of new-age music artists

New-age music is a genre of music intended to create artistic inspiration, relaxation, and optimism. It is used by listeners for yoga, massage, meditation,[1]reading as a method of stress management[2] to bring state of ecstasy rather than trance, or to create a peaceful atmosphere in their home or other environments, and is associated with environmentalism and New Age spirituality.[1]

New-age music includes both acoustic forms, featuring instruments such as flutes, piano, acoustic guitar and a wide variety of non-Western acoustic instruments, and electronic forms, frequently relying on sustained synth pads or long sequencer-based runs. Vocal arrangements were initially rare in the genre, but as it has evolved vocals have become more common, especially those featuring Native American-, Sanskrit-, or Tibetan-influenced chants, or lyrics based on mythology such as Celtic legends.[7][9]

There is no exact definition of New-age music.[7] An article in Billboard magazine in 1987 commented that "New Age music may be the most startling successful non-defined music ever to hit the public consciousness". Many consider it to be an umbrella term[11] for marketing rather than a musical category,[12][13] and to be part of a complex cultural trend.

New-age music was influenced by a wide range of artists from a variety of genres. Tony Scott's Music for Zen Meditation (1964) is considered to be the first New-age recording.[13][15]Paul Horn (beginning with 1968's Inside) was one of the important pioneers.[16]Irv Teibel's Environments series (196979) featured natural soundscapes, tintinnabulation, and "Om" chants and were some of the first publicly available psychoacoustic recordings.[17]Steven Halpern's 1975 Spectrum Suite was a key work that began the New-age music movement.[18]

New-age music is defined more by the use and effect or feeling it produces rather than the instruments and genre used in its creation; it may be acoustic, electronic, or a mixture of both. New-age artists range from solo or ensemble performances using classical-music instruments ranging from the piano, acoustic guitar, flute or harp to electronic musical instruments, or from Eastern instruments such as the sitar, tabla, and tamboura. There is also a significant overlap of sectors of new-age music with ambient music, classical music, jazz, electronica, world music, chillout, space music, pop music and others.[12][19][13]

The two definitions typically associated with the New-age genre are:

Stephen Hill, founder of the Hearts of Space in 1973, considers that "many of the artists are very sincerely and fully committed to New Age ideas and ways of life". Some composers like Kitar consider their music to be part of their spiritual growth, as well expressing values and shaping the culture.Douglas Groothuis stated that rejection of all music labeled as "new age" would be to fall prey to a taboo and quarantine mentality, as most of the music belongs to the "progressive" side of new-age music, where composers necessarily do not have a new-age worldview.

However, it is often noted that "new-age music" is a mere popular designation which successfully sells records.J. Gordon Melton argued it does not refer to specific genre of music, yet to music which is used in therapeutic or other new-age purposes.Kay Gardner considered that the label "new-age" is considered an inauthentic commercial intention of the so-called new-age music. She commented that "a lot of New Age music is schlock" and how due to records sales everyone with a home studio put in some sounds of crickets, oceans, or rivers, as a guarantee of sales. What has started as ambient mood music related with New Age activity, became a term for a musical conglomeration of jazz, folk, rock, ethnic, classical, and electronic, among other music styles, with the former and markedly different musical and theoretical movement.[7][13][9]

Thus under the umbrella term, some consider that the Mike Oldfield's progressive rock album Tubular Bells (1973) became one of the first albums to be referred to under the genre description of new age.[29] Others consider that music by the Greek composer Vangelis, and general modern jazz-rock fusion, exemplify the progressive side of New-age music.[30] Other artists included are Jean-Michel Jarre (even though his electronic excursions predate the term), Andreas Vollenweider, George Winston, Mark Isham, Michael Hedges, Shadowfax, Mannheim Steamroller (rock band), Kitar, Yanni, Enya, Clannad, Enigma among others.[11][12][13]

However, many musicians and composers dismiss the labeling of their music as new-age. When the Grammy Award for Best New Age Album was first created in 1987, its first winner, Andreas Vollenweider, said "I don't have any intention to label my music... It's ridiculous to give a name to anything that is timeless". Peter Bryant, music director of WHYY-FM (90.9) and host of a new-age program, noted that "I don't care for the term... New-age has a negative connotation... In the circles I come in contact with, people working in music, 'new-age' is almost an insult", that it refers to "very vapid, dreamy kinds of dull music... with no substance or form or interest", and that the term has "stuck".[12]

"New Age is a spiritual definition more than a musical definition. Some musicians began by associating themselves with New Age music. Now they've thrown everybody in there. But it would be silly to associate with this particular music".[19] Yanni on New-age music definition (1992)

Harold Budd commented how "When I hear the term 'new-age I reach for my revolver... I don't think of myself as making music that is only supposed to be in the background. It's embarrassing to inadvertently be associated with something that you know in your guts is vacuous". Vangelis considers it a style which "gave the opportunity for untalented people to make very boring music".[31] Yanni stated that "I don't want to relax the audience; I want to engage them in the music, get them interested",[16] and that "New age implies a more subdued, more relaxed music than what I do. My music can be very rhythmic, very energetic, even very ethnic".[13]David Van Tieghem, George Winston and Kitar also rejected the label of New-age artist.[16][9][32]David Lanz argued that had "finally figured out that the main reason people don't like the term New Age is because it's the only musical category that isn't a musical term".[13] Andreas Vollenweider noted that "we have sold millions of records worldwide before the category New Age was actually a category", and shared the concern that "the stores are having this problem with categorization".[19]

Ron Goldstein, president of Private Music, agreed with such a standpoint, and explained that "Windham Hill was the hub of this whole thing. Because of that association, New-age has come to be perceived as this West Coast thing". However, the label managing director Sam Sutherland, argued that even founders of Windham Hill, William Ackerman and Anne Robinson, "shied away from using any idiomatic or generic term at all. It's always seemed a little synthetic", and as a company they stopped making any kind of deliberate protests to the use of the term simply because it was inappropriate. Both Goldstein and Sutherland concluded that the tag has helped move merchandise, and that New-age music will be absorbed into the general body of pop music within a few years from 1987.[12]

The New York Times music critic Jon Pareles noted that "New-age music" absorbed other music styles in more softer form, but those same well defined styles don't need the new-age category, and that "new-age music" resembles other music because it is aimed as a marketing nicheto be a "formula show" designated for urban "ultra-consumers" as status accessory, that the Andean, Asian and African traditional music influences invoke the sense of "cosmopolitanism", while nature in the album artwork and sound the "connection to unspoiled landscapes". Many critics described new-age music as "pretentious Muzak", being repetitive without sense for structure and improvisation, with avoidance of speed and percussiveness, and with scarce syncopation and most basic 4 4 meter.[9]

As described in this article, the borders of this umbrella genre are not well defined; however music retail stores will include artists in the "new-age" category even if the artists belong to different genre, and themselves use different names for their style of music. Here are some other terms used instead of "new-age":

Kay Gardner called the original new-age music "healing music" or "women's spirituality".Paul Winter, who is considered a new-age music pioneer, also dismissed the term, and preferred "earth music".[19]

The term "instrumental music" or "contemporary instrumental" can include artists that do not use electronic instruments in their music, such as solo pianist David Lanz.[34] Similarly, pianists such as Yanni[35] and Bradley Joseph[36] both use this term as well, although they use keyboards to incorporate layered orchestral textures into their compositions. Yanni has distinguished the music genre from the spiritual movement bearing the same name.[37] The term "contemporary instrumental music" was also suggested by Andreas Vollenweider, while "adult alternative" by Gary L. Chappell, which was the term by which Billboard called the new-age and world-music album charts.[19]

The concept arose with the involvement of professional musicians in the New-Age movement. Initially, it was of no interest to the musical industry, so the musicians and related staff founded their own small independent recording businesses. Sales reached significant numbers in unusual outlets such as bookstores, gift stores, health-food stores and boutiques, as well as by direct mail.[9] With the demand of a large market, the major recording companies began promoting new-age music in the 1980s.[12]

New-age music was influenced by a wide range of artists from a variety of genresfor example, folk-instrumentalists John Fahey and Leo Kottke, minimalists Terry Riley, Steve Reich, La Monte Young, and Philip Glass, classical avant-garde Daniel Kobialka, synthesizer performers Pink Floyd and Brian Eno, and jazz artists Keith Jarrett, Weather Report, Mahavishnu Orchestra, Paul Horn (beginning with 1968's Inside) and Pat Metheny.[16][9][40][41][42]

Tony Scott's Music for Zen Meditation (1964) is considered to be the first new-age recording,[15] but initially it was popular mostly in California, and was not sold nationally until the 1980s. Another school of meditation music arose among the followers of Rajneesh; Deuter recorded D (1971) and Aum (1972), which mixed acoustic and electronic instruments with sounds of the sea.Kay Gardner's song Lunamuse (1974) and first recording Mooncircles (1975), which were a synthesis of music, sexuality and Wiccan spirituality, were "new-age music before it got to be new-age music". Her A Rainbow Path (1984) embraced Halpern's theory of healing music from that time with women's spirituality, and she became one of the most popular new-age sacred-music artists.

Paul Winter's Missa Gaia/Earth Mass (1982) is described as "a masterpiece of New Age ecological consciousness that celebrates the sacredness of land, sky, and sea".[this quote needs a citation] His work on the East Coast is considered to be one of the most important musical expressions of new-age spirituality. On the West Coast, musicians concentrated more on music for healing and meditation. The most notable early work was Steven Halpern's Spectrum Suite (1975), the musical purpose of which was described as to "resonate specific areas of the body... it quiets the mind and body", and whose title relates "to the seven tones of the musical scale and the seven colors of the rainbow to the seven etheric energy sources (chakras) in our bodies". In the 1970s his music work, and the theoretical book Tuning the Human Instrument (1979), pioneered the contemporary practice of musical healing in the United States.

In 1976 the record label Windham Hill Records was founded, with an initial $300 investment, and would gross over $26 million annually ten years later. Over the years many record labels were formed that embraced or rejected the new-age designation, such as Narada Productions, Private Music, Lifestyle, Audion, Sonic Atmospheres, Living Music, Terra (Vanguard Records), Novus Records (which mainly recorded jazz music), FM (CBS Masterworks) and Cinema (Capitol Records).[9]

Between the intentional extremes of the West and East Coast are some of the most successful new-age artists, like George Winston and R. Carlos Nakai. Winton's million-selling December (1982), released by Windham Hill Records, was highly popular.[9] Most of Nakai's work, with first release Changes in 1983, consists of improvised songs in native North American style. During the 1990s, his music became virtual anthems for new-age spirituality.

In 1981, Tower Records in Mountain View, California added a "new age" bin.[47] By 1985, independent and chain record retail stores were adding sections for new age, and major labels began showing interest in the genre, both through acquisition of some existing new-age labels such as Paul Winter's Living Music and through signing of so-called "new-age" artists such as Japanese electronic composer Kitar and American crossover jazz musician Pat Metheny, both signed by Geffen Records.[47] In the late 1980s the umbrella genre was the fastest-growing genre with significant radio broadcast. It was seen as an attractive business due to low recording costs.[9]

Stephen Hill's found the new-age radio show Hearts of Space in 1973. In 1983, was picked up by NPR for syndication to 230 affiliates nationally,[48] and year later was started a record label Hearts of Space Records. On Valentine's Day in 1987, the former Los Angeles rock radio station KMET changed to a full-time New-age music format with new call letters KTWV, branded as The Wave.[9][48] During The Wave's new-age period, management told the station employees to refer to The Wave as a "mood service" rather than a "radio station". DJs stopped announcing the titles of the songs, and instead, to maintain an uninterrupted mood, listeners could call a 1-800 phone number to find out what song was playing. News breaks were also re-branded and referred to as "wave breaks".[48] Other New-age-specialty radio programs included Forest's Musical Starstreams and John Diliberto's Echoes. Most major cable television networks have channels that play music without visuals, including channels for New age, such as the "Soundscapes" channel on Music Choice. The two satellite radio companies Sirius Satellite Radio & XM Satellite Radio each had their own channels that played new-age music. SiriusSpa (Sirius XM) (73), XMAudio Visions (77). When the two merged in November 2008 and became SiriusXM, the Spa name was retained for the music channel with the majority of Audio Visions music library being used.

In 1987 was formed the Grammy Award for Best New Age Album,[12] while in 1988 the Billboard's New Age weekly charts.[7] In 1989 was held the first international New-Age Music Conference.[7] By 1989, there were over 150 small independent record labels releasing new-age music, while new-age and adult-alternative programs were carried on hundreds of commercial and college radio stations in the U.S., and over 40 distributors were selling New-age music through mail-order catalogs.[49]

In the 1990s many small labels of new-age style music emerged in Japan, but for this kind of instrumental music the terms "relaxing" or "healing" music were more popular. At the time Holland was the home of two leading European new-age labelsOreade and Narada Media. Oreade reported that in 1997 the latest trend was "angelic" music, while from Narada Media predicted that the genre will develop in the direction of world music (with Celtic, Irish and African influences).[50] In 1995 some "new-age" composers like Kitar, Suzanne Ciani and Patrick O'Hearn moved from major to independent record labels due to lack of promotion, diminishing sales or limited freedom of creativity.[51]

In 2001 Windham Hill celebrated its 25th anniversary, Narada and Higher Octave Music continued to move into world and ethno-techno music, and Hearts of Space Records were bought by Valley Entertainment. Enya's "Only Time" peaked at #10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, while the album A Day Without Rain at #2 on the Billboard 200, being the number one new-age artist of the year.[52]

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New-age music - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ez a szcikk a vegn trendrl s filozfirl szl. Hres vegnokrt lsd a Vegnok listjt. Veganizmus Bsgtl slt tofuval, vegn pizza, szusi s muffin Filozfia Lnyege: Az llati termkek hasznlatnak mellzse F irnyzatai: Etikai, krnyezeti, trendi Trtnelem Korai hirdeti: James Pierrepont Greaves (1777-1842) Amos Bronson Alcott (17991888) Bicsrdy Bla (1872-1951) Donald Watson (19102005) H. Jay Dinshah (19332000) A kifejezs eredete: 1944. november 1., a brit Vegan Society megalakulsnak napja Emberek Demogrfia: Nvekv npszersg Teljes npessg 0,1-2%-a kztt Hres vegnok: Bill Clinton, Mike Tyson, Pamela Anderson, Joaquin Phoenix, Carl Lewis, Serena Williams

A veganizmus az llati termkek hasznlatnak mellzse, mely a legltvnyosabban a tpllkozs tern nyilvnul meg, s a hozz kapcsold filozfia, amely elutastja az rezni kpes llatok rucikk sttuszt. A veganizmus kvetjt vegnnak nevezik.

Nha klnbsget tesznek a vegnok s a veganizmus klnbz tpusai kztt. Az trendi vegn (vagy szigor vegetrinus) az, aki kihagyja az trendjbl az llati termkeket (nemcsak a hst s halat, hanem a tejtermkeket, tojst, s gyakran a mzet is, tovbb egyb llati eredet anyagokat). Az etikai vegn vagy vegn letmd kifejezst gyakran alkalmazzk olyan emberre, aki nemcsak vegn trendet kvet, hanem a vegn filozfit lete egyb terleteire is kiterjeszti. Egy msik hasznlt kifejezs a krnyezetvdelmi veganizmus, ami az llati termkek elutastsra azon az alapon utal, hogy az llatok ipari mret kizskmnyolsa rtalmas a krnyezetre s nem fenntarthat.[1]

A vegn kifejezst Donald Watson, a brit Vegn Trsasg trsalaptja alkotta 1944-ben, tejtermk nlkli vegetrinus jelentssel; a trsasg a tojsfogyasztst is ellenezte. 1951-ben a trsasg a veganizmus defincijt kibvtette a kvetkez jelentsre: a vilgnzet, amely szerint az embernek az llatok kizskmnyolsa nlkl kellene lni. 1960-ban H. Jay Dinshah ltrehozta az Amerikai Vegn Trsasgot, a veganizmust az ahimsza azaz az llnyek elleni erszak kerlse dzsainista koncepcijhoz ktve.[2]

A veganizmus kicsi, de nvekv mozgalom. Sok orszgban gyarapodik a vegn ttermek szma, s bizonyos llkpessgi sportgak pldul a Vasember triatlon s az ultramaraton egyes lversenyzi a veganizmus, kztk a nyersev veganizmus szerint lnek.[3] A helyesen megtervezett vegn trendrl kiderlt, hogy vdelmet nyjt sok degeneratv betegsg, kztk a szvbetegsg ellen,[4] s az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg (ADA) s a Kanadai Dietetikusok (Dietitians of Canada) szerint az letciklus brmely szakaszban megfelel.[5] A vegn trendnek ltalban magasabb az trendi rost, magnzium, folsav, C-vitamin, E-vitamin, vas s nvnyi hatanyag tartalma, s alacsonyabb a kalria, teltett zsr, koleszterin, hossz sznlnc omega-3 zsrsav, D-vitamin, kalcium, cink, s B12-vitamin tartalma.[6] Mivel a nvnyi telek ltalban nem tartalmaznak jelents mennyisg B12-t, a kutatk egyetrtenek abban, hogy a vegnoknak B12-vel dstott teleket kellene ennik, vagy naponta tpllkkiegsztt szednik.[7]

A vegetrinus szt a XIX. szzadban kezdtk hasznlni azokra utalva, akik kerltk a hst; akik kerltk a halat, tojst s tejtermkeket is, azokat szigor vagy teljes vegetrinusnak neveztk.[8] Az Oxford English Dictionary a sz legkorbbi hasznlatt Fanny Kemble (18091893) angol sznsznnek tulajdontja, aki 1839-ben az USA Georgia llamban rt errl.[9]

1834-ben Amos Bronson Alcott amerikai transzcendentalista s szigor vegetrinus (Louisa May Alcott apja) nzeteinek terjesztsre Bostonban megnyitotta a Temple School iskolt. 1838-ban James Pierrepont Greaves az angliai Surreyben Alcott House nven szvetkezeti kzssget s bentlaksos iskolt indtott, amely a szigor vegetrinus trendet kvette.[10] 1844-ben Alcott a massachusettsi Harvardban megalaptotta a szigor vegetrinus Fruitlands kzssget, br ez csak 7 hnapig maradt fenn.[11]

1847-ben az angliai Alcott House tagjai az ovo-lakto-vegetrinus Bible Christian Church egyhzzal, s a Truth-Tester antialkoholista folyirat olvasival egytt rszt vettek az els Vegetrinus Trsasg ltrehozsban. A Trsasg els tallkozjt Salford MP Joseph Brotherton (17831857) elnkletvel mg azon v szeptemberben tartotta Ramsgate Northwood Villa pletben.[12] 1851-ben megjelent egy cikk a Vegetrinus Trsasg magazinjban lbbelik esetn a br alternatvirl, amit a Nemzetkzi Vegetrinus Uni (IVU) bizonytknak tekint arra, hogy Angliban ltezett egy msik csoport, amely teljesen el akarta kerlni az llati termkek hasznlatt.[13] A Trsasg 1886-ban kzlte nagy hats, Krvny a vegetrinussgrt cm rst Henry Salt (18511939) aktivista tollbl. volt az egyik els r, aki megtette a paradigmavltst az llatjlttl az llatjog fel.[14] Ebben Salt elismerte, hogy vegetrinus, lerva, hogy ez egy ijeszt beismers, mert a htkznapi trsadalomban a vegetrinust csak kicsivel tartjk jobbnak az rltnl.[15]

Az els ismert vegn szakcsknyvet, Rupert H. Wheldon No Animal Food cm knyvt C.W. Daniel adta ki Angliban, 1910-ben.[17] Leah Leneman azt rja, hogy 1912-ben a TVMHR, a Vegetrinus Trsasg manchesteri szervezete jsgjnak szerkesztje vitt indtott az olvask kztt arrl, hogy a vegetrinusok kerljk-e el a tojst s tejtermket. A vlaszol 24 vegetrinus nzett e szavakkal sszegezte: A vegetrinusok tojs s tejtermk hasznlatnak vdelmben itt felhozott rvek nem kielgtk. Az egyetlen igazi t gabonn, hvelyeseken, gymlcsn, diflken s zldsgeken lni. Az jsg 1923-ban kzlte, hogy az idelis llspont vegetrinusok szmra a tartzkods az llati termkektl, s hogy a trsasg tagjainak nagy rsze tmeneti fzisban volt. 1935-ben megemltette, hogy a krds minden vvel egyre srgetbb vlik.[17]

1931-ben Mahtma Gandhi (18691948) felszlalt a Vegetrinus Trsasg egy londoni tallkozjn amelyen Henry Salt is rszt vett , azt hangoztatva, hogy a trsasgnak a hsmentes trendet morlis krdsknt, s nem az emberi egszsg krdseknt kellene hirdetnie. Norm Phelps azt rja, hogy ez a Trsasg ama tagjainak helyreutastsa volt, akik a vegetrinussg egszsgi elnyeire koncentrltak. Gandhi gy rvelt, hogy a vegetrinusok szoksa, hogy semmi msrl nem beszlnek, csak telrl, s csak betegsgrl. gy rzem, ez a dolog kezelsnek legrosszabb mdja... Azt fedeztem fel, hogy ahhoz, hogy valaki szilrdan kitartson a vegetrinussg mellett, etikai alapon kell llnia. Bartsgot kttt ms vezet vegetrinus aktivistkkal kzjk tartozott Salt s Anna Kingsford (18461888) angol orvosn, a The Perfect Way in Diet (1881) cm knyv rja.[16] Br Gandhi tovbbra is ivott tejet amit nem tudott feladni, s lete tragdijnak nevezett Phelps szerint beszde felhvs volt, hogy a Trsasg azonosuljon Salt llatjogi nzeteivel, s elfutra volt Donald Watson 1944-es nzeteinek.[16]

1943 jliusban Leslie Cross, a Leicester Vegetrinus Trsasg tagja annak hrlevelben, a The Vegetarian Messengerben aggodalmnak adott hangot, hogy a vegetrinusok mg fogyasztanak tejtermket. Egy vvel ksbb, 1944 augusztusban a trsasg kt tagja, Donald Watson (19102005) s Elsie "Sally" Shrigley (1978-ban hunyt el) javasolta a tejtermk nlkli vegetrinus alcsoport megalaktst. Amikor a vgrehajt bizottsg elvetette az elkpzelst, k ketten s tovbbi t ember november 1-jn tallkoztak a londoni Holborn Attic Clubjban, hogy megvitassk egy klnll szervezet fellltst, amit dntsk alapjn Vegn Trsasgnak fognak nevezni.[18]

Voltak egyb javaslatok a tejtermk nlkli vegetrinus helyettestsre ms tmr kifejezssel, mint a dairyban, vitan, benevore, sanivore, and beaumangeur, de Watson a vegn kifejezs - a vegetarian angol sz els hrom s utols kett betje - mellett dnttt. Ahogy 2004-ben fogalmazott, a vegetarian kezdete s vge.[19] A szt elszr 1962-ben kzlte fggetlen szcikknt az Oxford Illustrated Dictionary, gy definilva: olyan vegetrinus, aki nem eszik vajat, tojst, sajtot vagy tejet.[18] Fay K. Henderson a kvetkez vben publiklta a Vegn receptek knyvet; ez volt az els receptknyv a cmben a vegn szval.[17]

Az USA-ban az els vegn trsasgot 1948-ban alaptotta a kaliforniai Dr. Catherine Nimmo s Rubin Abramowitz. Nimmo 1931 ta volt vegn, s a brit Vegn Trsasg Vegan hrlevelt a levelezsi listjn bell elkezdte terjeszteni az USA-ban.[20] 1951-ben a brit Vegn Trsasg kiterjesztette defincijt a veganizmusrl: az alapelv, hogy az embernek az llatok kizskmnyolsa nlkl kellene lnie. Leslie Cross, a trsasg alelnke azt rta, hogy a veganizmus egy elv, ami nem annyira az [llatok] jltrl, inkbb a felszabadtsukrl szl. A trsasg elktelezte magt, hogy igyekszik vget vetni az llatok ember ltali hasznlatnak lelmiszer, rucikk, munkavgzs, vadszat, lveboncols s minden egyb clbl, amely az llat letnek ember ltali kizskmnyolsval jr. A tagoktl elvrtk, hogy nyilvntsk ki egyetrtsket, s annyira az eszmnynek megfelelen ljenek, amennyire csak tudnak.[21]

1957-ben H. Jay Dinshah (19332000), egy prszi fia Mumbaibl megltogatott egy vghidat, s elolvasta Watson nhny rst. Elhatrozta, hogy lemond minden llati termkrl, s 1960. februr 8-n New Jersey Malaga vrosban megalaptotta az Amerikai Vegn Trsasgot (AVS), beolvasztva Nimmo trsasgt is, a veganizmust kifejezetten sszektve az ahimsza koncenpcijval - ez egy szanszkrit sz, amely azt jelenti, nem rts. Az AVS ezt dinamikus rtalmatlansgnak nevezte, s hogy hangslyozza a kapcsolatot a veganizmussal, magazinjnak az Ahimsa nevet adta.[22] A filozfit kt alapknyv magyarzza el: Dinshah Out of the Jungle: The Way of Dynamic Harmlessness cm knyve (1965), s Victoria Moran Compassion, the Ultimate Ethic: An Exploration of Veganism cm knyve (1985); az utbbi elszr az Ahimsban jelent meg esszsorozatknt.[23] Ma a vegn szt mg mindig hasznljk mind a nvnyi alap trend, mind az letmd lersra, amely igyekszik teljesen kikszblni az llatok hasznlatt.[1] 1994 ta november 1-jn tartjk a Vegn Vilgnapot, a brit Vegn Trsasg 1944-es alaptsi dtumnak napjn.[24]

1997-ben az USA-ban 3 szzalk nyilatkozott gy, hogy az elz kt vben semmilyen clbl nem hasznltak llatokat.[25] 2005-ben a londoni The Times jsg a vegnok szmt 250 ezerre becslte az Egyeslt Kirlysgban, a The Independent 2006-ban pedig 600 ezerre.[26] Egy 2007-es brit kormnyfelmrsben kt szzalk vallotta magt vegnnak.[27] A Hollandiai Szervezet a Veganizmusrt 2007-ben a vegnok szmt 16 ezerre becslte Hollandiban, ami nagyjbl a lakossg 0,1 szzalka.[28] A Vegetarian Resource Group szmra vgzett felmrs 2008-ban arrl szmolt be, hogy az amerikaiak 0,5%-a, vagy 1 milli ember vallotta magt vegnnak.[29]

Magyarorszgon a 20. szzad elejn megjelen bicsrdizmus trekvse volt a nyers nvnyev tpllkozsmd.

Az 1980-as vekben ledez magyar vegetrinus mozgalommal jra megjelent a veganizmus is. A 90-es vekben Vass Gyrgy Boldizsr (Vegetrinusok Barti Kre, Budapest) nevhez fzdik a tma fellesztse, npszerstse, aki az akkortjt rendszeresen megjelen Vegetrinus Hrlevlben cikkezett errl. Napjainkban a veganizmus legnpszerbb hazai szszli kz tartozik Bonifert Anna, Sthr Grta s Dr. Tth Gbor.

Az etikai vegnok teljesen elutastjk az llatok rucikk ttelt. Az Egyeslt Kirlysg Vegn Trsasga csak akkor ad ki vegn igazolst egy termkrl, ha az mentes az llatok ignybevteltl, amennyire az csak lehetsges s praktikus.[30]

llati termk minden llatbl szrmaz anyag, kztk a hs, hal s rk, tojs, tejtermkek, mz, szrme, br, gyapj s selyem. Egyb ltalnosan hasznlt llati termkek, melyek egy rsznek llati eredete taln kevsb ismert: mhviasz, csontszn, csontporceln, krmin, kazein, kokcsinella, zselatin, halenyv, lanolin, disznzsr, llati olt, sellak, faggy, tejsav s hasznlt stzsiradkok. Sokat ezek kzl lehet, hogy nem tntetnek fel egy termk alapanyagai kztt.[31] Ellentt van a csoportok kztt arrl, milyen fokig kell kerlni az sszes llati, klnsen a rovaroktl szrmaz termket. A Vegn Trsasg s az Amerikai Vegn Trsasg sem tekinti vegnok szmra megfelelnek a mz, selyem s egyb rovaroktl szrmaz termkek hasznlatt, mg a Vegan Action s Vegan Outreach ezt szemlyes dnts krdsnek tekinti.[32]

Az etikai vegnok nem hasznlnak llati termkeket ruhzkodsra, illatszernek, vagy brmi ms clra, s prbljk elkerlni az llatokon tesztelt alapanyagokat. Nem vsrolnak szrmekabtot, brcipt, vet, tskt, pnztrct, gyapjpulvert, selyemslat, kamerhoz filmet, bizonyos vakcinkat, stb. Amikor vegnn vlnak, gazdasgi krlmnyeiktl fggen az ilyen dolgokat odaadhatjk jtkony szervezeteknek, vagy elhasznldsukig hasznljk ket. Az llati termkek nlkl kszlt ruhzat szles krben elrhet a boltokban s online is. A gyapj alternatvi kz tartoznak a pamut, kendervszon, mselyem s mszl. Egyes vegn ruhadarabok, klnsen a cipk, kolaj alap termkekbl kszlnek, ami kritikt vltott ki a termelskkel jr krnyezeti rtalom miatt.[33]

Brmilyen nvnyi alap tel lehet vegn. A htkznapi, llati alapanyagok nlkl ksztett vegn telek kz tartoznak a ratatouille, falafel, hummusz, vegn burrito, rizs s bab, vegn knai slt zldsg, s primavera tszta. A vegn konyhban elterjedten alkalmazzk az olyan alapanyagokat, mint a tofu, tempeh s szeitn. Nvnyi tejsznt s nvnyi tejet pldul mandula-, gabona- vagy szjatejet hasznlnak a tehn- vagy kecsketej helyett. A tyktojs helyett a vegn receptek almaszszt, rlt lenmagot, burgonyaprt, lgy vagy selyem tofut, vagy kereskedelmi, kemnytalap tojshelyettestket hasznlnak.[34]

Elterjedtek a szjbl s glutnbl kszlt hsptlk, vagy hamis hsok, mint a vegetrinus kolbsz, vegetrinus fasrt s vega burger. Azonban mivel nmelyik hs nlkli vegetrinus lelmiszer (kztk nhny vegetrinus kolbsz is) tartalmazhat tojst vagy tejtermket, ezrt ezek egy vegetrinus trendjnek elfogadhat rszei lehetnek, a vegnok szmra viszont nem azok. Szles krben hasznljk a szjbl, diflkbl s tpikbl kszlt sajtutnzatokat. A klnbz telekben a Chreese, Daiya, Teese, Tofutti s hasonl vegn sajtok helyettesthetik a tehnsajt zt s olvadkonysgt.[36] Joanne Stepaniak azt rja, hogy sajthelyettestket el lehet lltani otthon, a Vegan Vittles, The Nutritional Yeast Cookbook, s a The Uncheese Cookbook receptjeit hasznlva.[37]

Az Orvosok Bizottsga a Felels Gygyszatrt(en) az ltaluk ngy j lelmiszercsoportnak nevezett teleket ajnlja. Azt mondjk, hogy a vegnok s vegetrinusok naponta egyenek legalbb hrom adag zldsget, kztk sttzld, leveles zldsgeket, mint a brokkoli, s sttsrgt s narancssznt, mint a srgarpa; t adag teljes kirls gabont (kenyeret, rizst, tsztt); hrom adag gymlcst; s kt adag hvelyest (babflt, borst, lencst).[38]

Winston Craig, az Andrews Egyetem Tpllkozstudomnyi tanszknek vezetje azt rja, hogy a vegn trendnek ltalban magasabb az trendi rost-, magnzium-, folsav-, C-vitamin-, E-vitamin-, vas- s nvnyi hatanyag-tartalma, s alacsonyabb a kalria-, teltett zsr-, koleszterin-, hossz sznlnc omega-3 zsrsav-, D vitamin-, kalcium-, cink- s B12-vitamin-tartalma.[6]

Az USA Mezgazdasgi Minisztriuma s Egszsggyi Minisztriuma ltal kibocstott 2010-es trendi tmutat az amerikaiaknak azt rja, hogy a vegetrinus trenddel egytt jr az elhzs alacsonyabb szintje s a szv- s rrendszeri betegsg kisebb kockzata.[39] Az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg (ADA) s a Kanadai Dietetikusok (Dietitians of Canada) 2003-ban kijelentetttk, hogy a megfelelen megtervezett vegn trend tpllkozsi szempontbl kielgt az let minden szakaszban, belertve a terhessget s szoptatst is, s egszsgi elnyket jelent bizonyos betegsgek gygytsban s megelzsben.[40] A Svjci Szvetsgi Tpllkozsi Bizottsg s a Nmet Tpllkozsgyi Trsasg nem ajnlja a vegn trendet.[41]

John A. McDougall, Caldwell Esselstyn, Neal D. Barnard, Dean Ornish, Michael Greger orvosok, s T. Colin Campbell tpllkozs biokmikus azt mondjk, hogy a magas llati zsr s fehrje tartalm trendek, mint a standard amerikai trend, htrnyosak az egszsgre, s az alacsony zsrtartalm vegn trend kpes megelzni s visszafordtani is a degeneratv betegsgeket, pldul a szvkoszorr betegsget s a cukorbajt.[4] Barnard egy 2006-os vizsglata kimutatta, hogy a 2. tpus cukorbajban szenvedknl az alacsony zsrtartalm vegn trend cskkentette a testslyt, teljes koleszterint s LDL koleszterint, s nagyobb mrtkben, mint az Amerikai Diabtesz Trsasg ltal elrt trend.[42]

Dr. Colin Campbell gynevezett Kna tanulmnya (The China Study), mely 30 vig tartott, s melynek eredmnyeit 2005 elejn hoztk nyilvnossgra, bebizonytotta, hogy a szv- s rrendszeri zavarok, a rk s a diabtesz annl gyakoribb, minl magasabb az llati fehrje mennyisge a tpllkban: "Arra jttnk r, hogy azok az emberek, akik 100%-ban tiszta nvnyi proteinnel tpllkoznak, maradand egszsggyi elnyhz jutnak. Minl magasabb a tejtermkfogyaszts, annl magasabb a csontritkuls (oszteoporzis) rizikja. Ez tnyleg gy van - s nem fordtva."[43]

A 12 ven t tart Oxford Vegetrinus Tanulmny amelybe 1980 s 1984 kztt 11 ezer rsztvevt regisztrltak azt mutatta, hogy a vegnok teljes koleszterin s LDL koleszterin koncentrcii alacsonyabbak, mint a hsevk. Az elhallozsok arnya alacsonyabb volt a hst nem fogyasztk kztt, mint a hsevk kztt; az ischmis szvbetegsg miatti elhallozs pozitv korrelcit mutatott az llati zsrfogyasztssal s az trendi koleszterin szintjvel.[44]

Az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg s a Kanadai Dietetikusok szerint a hsmentes trendekben ltalban alacsonyabb a teltett zsr, koleszterin s llati fehrje szintje, s magasabb a sznhidrtok, rost, magnzium, klium, folsav, antioxidnsok pl. C s E vitamin s nvnyi hatanyagok szintje. Arrl szmoltak be, hogy a hstl tartzkod embereknek alacsonyabb a testtmeg indexe, mint azok, akik az tlagos kanadai vagy amerikai trenden lnek. Ebbl kvetkezik az ischmis szvbetegsg miatti elhallozs kisebb gyakorisga, alacsonyabb vrkoleszterinszint, alacsonyabb vrnyoms, s a magas vrnyoms, 2. tpus cukorbaj, prosztata- s vgblrk kisebb gyakorisga.[45]

Egy 1999-es, t tanulmnyt elemz metatanulmny, amely a nyugati orszgok hallozsi gyakorisgait hasonltotta ssze, azt tallta, hogy az ischmis szvbetegsg miatti elhallozs 26%-kal volt alacsonyabb a vegnoknl a kznsges hsevkkel szemben; ugyanez 20%-kal volt alacsonyabb az alkalmanknt hsevknl, 34%-kal volt alacsonyabb a pescetrinusoknl (akik esznek halat, de ms hst nem), s 34%-kal volt alacsonyabb a lakto-ovo vegetrinusoknl (olyan vegetrinusok, akik nem esznek hst, tejet s tojst viszont igen). A vegnok esetben a pescetrinusokkal s lakto-ovo vegetrinusokkal szemben szlelt kisebb vdelmet a homocisztein magasabb szintjnek tulajdontjk, amit az elgtelen B12-szint okoz; gy gondoljk, hogy az elegend B12-hz jut vegnoknl az ischmis szvbetegsgnek mg a lakto-ovo vegetrinusoknl is kisebb kellene, hogy legyen a kockzata. Nem talltak ms okokbl jelents klnbsget az elhallozsban.[46]

Egy nagy 15 ves vizsglat, ami az trend s az letkortl fgg szrkehlyog kockzata kzti kapcsolatot vizsglta az Egyeslt Kirlysgban, azt tallta, hogy a vegnoknl a szrkehlyog kialakulsnak kockzata 40%-kal alacsonyabb volt, mint a legnagyobb hsevknl.[47]

Az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg 2003-ban arrl szmolt be, hogy a vegetrinus trendek gyakoribbak lehetnek a tpllkozsi rendellenessgektl szenved tizenvesek kztt, de a bizonytk azt sugallja, hogy a vegetrinus trend elfogadsa nem vezet tpllkozsi rendellenessgekhez, hanem inkbb a vegetrinus trendet vlaszthatjk, hogy lczzanak egy meglv tpllkozsi rendellenessget."[45] A dietetikusok s tancsadk ms vizsglatai s kijelentsei altmasztjk ezt a konklzit.[48]

A Vegn Trsasg s a Vegn Outreach azt ajnlja, hogy a vegnok egyenek B12-vel dstott lelmiszert, pldul dstott szjatejet vagy gabonapelyhet, vagy szedjenek tpllkkiegsztt. A B12-t baktriumok termelik, nvnyi lelmiszerekben nem lehet megbzhatan megtallni, s szksg van r a vrsvrtestek kialakulshoz s rshez, a DNS szintzishez, s a normlis idegfunkcihoz; hinya szmos egszsgi problmhoz vezethet, kztk makrociter anmihoz.[7]

A vegnoknak jdkiegsztsre lehet szksge olyan orszgokban, ahol a konyhast nem jdozzk, alacsony szinten jdozzk, vagy mint Angliban s rorszgban, a tejtermkekre tmaszkodnak a jd bevitelnl, a talajban lv alacsony koncentrcik miatt.[44] Jdhoz lehet jutni a legtbb vegn multivitaminbl, vagy a tengeri alga, pldul a tengeri hnr (kelp) rendszeres fogyasztsbl.[49]

A vegnoknak ajnlott naponta hrom adag magas kalciumtartalm telt fogyasztani, pldul dstott szjatejet, mandult, mogyort, s szksg szerint kalciumkiegsztt szedni.[45] Az EPIC-Oxford vizsglat szerint a vegnoknl nagyobb a csonttrs kockzata, mint a hsevknl s vegetrinusoknl, valsznleg az trenddel bevitt kevesebb kalcium miatt, de azoknl a vegnoknl, akik naponta 525mg-nl tbbet fogyasztanak, a trs kockzata hasonl, mint ms csoportoknl.[50]

Egy 2009-es csontsrsgi vizsglat azt tallta, hogy a vegnok csontsrsge a mindenevk 94%-a, a klnbsget viszont klinikailag elhanyagolhatnak tartottk.[51] Ugyanazok a kutatk egy msik 2009-es vizsglatban tbb mint 100 klimaxon tli vegn nt vizsgltak meg, s azt talltk, hogy trendjknek nincs htrnyos hatsa a csontsrsgre (BMD), s nincs vltozs a testtartsukban.[52]T. Colin Campbell biokmikus megemlti a Kna tanulmnyban (2005), hogy a csontritkuls az llati fehrje fogyasztshoz ktdik, mert a nvnyi fehrjvel ellenttben az llati fehrje fokozza a vr s a szvetek savassgt, amit azutn a csontokbl kivont kalcium semlegest. Campbell azt rja, hogy az ltala vezetett Kna-Cornell-Oxford tanulmny a tpllkozsrl az 1980-as vekben azt tallta, hogy Kna vidki terletein, ahol az llati [fehrje] arnya a nvnyi fehrjhez kpest 10% krl volt, a csonttrs gyakorisga az USA-ban szleltnek csak egytde.[43]

A D-vitamint illeten a Vegan Outreach azt rja, hogy a vilgos br emberek megfelel mennyisghez juthatnak, ha naponta 10-15 percet a napon tltenek; stt brek 20 percet; az idsek pedig 30 percet. Klnben ajnlott a 400 s 1000 IU kztti tpllkkiegszts, mert a legtbb vegn trend kevs, vagy semennyi D-vitamint nem tartalmaz kiegsztk vagy dstott telek nlkl.[53]

A hsevk s vegnok llapota vas tekintetben hasonlnak tnik, s idvel a test felszvdsi folyamatai a felszvdsi hatkonysg fokozsval alkalmazkodhatnak az alacsonyabb bevitelhez.[54] A melasz magas vastartalm lelmiszer, sok vegn fogyasztja kanalanknt, mint vaskiegsztst.

A Vegan Outreach azt javasolja, hogy a megfelel mennyisg omega-3 zsrsavak bevitele rdekben a vegnok fogyasszanak naponta 0,5 g alfa-linolnsavat, pldul teskanlnyi lenmagolaj formjban, s kis mennyisg omega-6 zsrsavat tartalmaz olajokat hasznljanak, mint amilyen az olva-, repce-, avokd- vagy fldimogyor-olaj.[55]

Az Amerikai Dietetikai Szvetsg a jl megtervezett vegn trendet az letcikuls brmely szakaszra, kztk a terhessgre s szoptatsra is megfelelnek tartja, de azt ajnlja, hogy a vegn anyk szedjenek vas, D s B12 vitamin kiegsztt.[45][56] A Vegn Trsasg azt ajnlja, hogy a vegn anyk szoptassanak, hogy erstsk a gyermek immunrendszert s cskkentsk az allergik kockzatt.[57] sszefggst talltak szoptat vegetrinus anyk B12 hinya s gyermekeik hinytnetei s neurolgiai rendellenessgei kztt.[58] Egyes kutatk azt javasoljk, hogy terhes s szoptat anyknak az esszencilis omega-3 zsrsav alpha-linolnsavat s szrmazkaikat is ptolni kellene, mivel ezek szintje a legtbb vegn trendben nagyon alacsony, s a metabolikusan kapcsold docosahexnsav (DHA) fontos a fejld lt s kzponti idegrendszerhez.[59] A Svjci Szvetsgi Tpllkozsi Bizottsg s a Nmet Tpllkozsgyi Trsasg gyerekek, terhesek s idsek esetn ellenzi a vegn trendet.[41]

Az anya vegn trendjt kapcsolatba hoztk alacsony szletsi testsllyal[60] s az ikrek elfordulsnak tszr kisebb gyakorisgval, br az idzett cikk arra kvetkeztet, hogy a nem-vegnok ltal fogyasztott tejtermkek azok, amik fokozzk az ikrek gyakorisgt, klnsen olyan vidkeken, ahol nvekedsi hormont etetnek a tejtermel tehenekkel.[61] Nhny esetben beszmoltak (gerinc torzulst s trseket eredmnyez) slyos csecsem s gyermek alultplltsgrl, s nhny csecsem hallrl olyan csaldokban, ahol a szlk rosszul megtervezett vegn trenddel tplltk gyermekket s nmagukat.[62] Dr. Amy Lanou, az Orvosok Bizottsga a Felels Gygyszatrt tpllkozsi igazgatja, s az egyik gynl a vd szakrt tanja azt rta, hogy a vegn trendek nemcsak biztonsgosak a kisbabknak; hanem egszsgesebbek, mint az llati termkeken alapulk. Mint rja, az igazi problma az volt, hogy [a gyereknek] nem adtak semmifle, elegend mennyisg lelmiszert.[63]

Brita C. Moilanen, a Children's National Medical Center (USA, Washington DC) kutatja szerint "Szmtalan szakrt egymstl fggetlenl arra a kvetkeztetsre jutott, hogy a vegn tpllkozs biztonsgos, mely sem a megfelel tpanyagelltsnak, sem (pl. gyermekkorban) a megfelel nvekedsnek nem rt, radsul mg figyelemremlt egszsggyi elnykkel is jr."[64]

Az trendi vegnok teljesen nvnyi alap trenden lnek akr egszsgi okokbl, akr az llatok jlte miatt , de ms clokbl mg tovbb hasznlhatnak llati termkeket. Joanne Stepaniak, a Being Vegan (2000) cm knyv szerzje szerint a vegn sz el tve az trendi minsgjelzt felhgtjuk annak jelentst mintha a vilgi katolikus kifejezst hasznlnnk olyan emberekre, akik a katolicizmusnak csak bizonyos aspektusait akarjk gyakorolni.[66] Azt rja, az embereknek nem kellene vegnnak hvniuk nmagukat pusztn azrt, mert elfogadtk az trendet: A vegn trend kvetstl nem lesz valaki jobban vegn, mint ahogy a kser tel fogyasztstl lesz zsid.[67]

2011 janurjban az Associated Press arrl szmolt be, hogy a vegn trend az USA-ban jelentktelen irnyzatbl kezd f irnyzatt vlni, bestsellerr vlnak az olyan vegn knyvek, mint a Skinny Bitch (2005), s tbb hressg prblkozik a vegn trenddel. Az AP szerint az Orszgos ttermi Szvetsg ltal megkrdezett 1500 sfnek tbb mint fele felvett az tlapra vegn fteleket, az tteremlncok pedig a meniken kezdik megjellni a vegn teleket.[68]

Oprah Winfrey 2008-ban 21 napra vegn trendre vltott, s 2011-ben egy htre ugyanezt krte a 378 tag produkcis stbjtl.[69] 2010-ben szvmttje utn vegn trendre vltott Bill Clinton korbbi amerikai elnk; lnya, Chelsea, mr vegn volt. trendjben kvette Dean Ornish, Caldwell Esselstyn, s T. Colin Campbell tancst: fleg babflk, pillangsok, zldsgek, gymlcsk, s naponta egy mandulatejbl, gymlcsbl s fehrjeporbl ll ital.[70] 2010 novemberben a Bloomberg Businessweek arrl szmolt be, hogy az amerikai cgvezetk egyre nagyobb szmban vlnak vegnn, kztk Steve Wynn, Mortimer Zuckerman, s Russell Simmons.[71]

Az etikai vegnok a veganizmust filozfinak, letmdnak, elvek sszessgnek tartjk, s nem egyszeren egy trendnek. Bob Torres, a Vegan Freak (2005) rja szerint az etikai veganizmus abbl ll, hogy a fajizmus tudatos ellenzjeknt led az leted.[72]

Carol J. Adams, vegn feminista rn a hinyz alany koncepcit hasznlta annak lersra, amit pszicho-szocilis sztkapcsolsnak nevez a fogyaszt s az elfogyasztott kztt. A The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990) cm knyvben, amit a The New York Times a vegn kzssg biblijaknt jellemez, ezt rta: Minden hsos tkezs mgtt ott van egy hiny: az llat halla, akinek helyt a hs elfoglalja. A hinyz alany az, ami elvlasztja a hsevt az llattl, s az llatot a vgtermktl. A hinyz alany funkcija az, hogy elvlassza a hsunkat brmi olyan gondolattl, hogy valamikor egy llat volt, tvol tartsa a m, kot-kot, s b hangokat a hstl, tvol tartson attl, hogy valamit valakinek lssunk.[73]

A veganizmus etikai alapjrl zajl filozfiai vita abbl szrmazik, hogy az llatjogi terinak kt klnbz megkzeltse is ltezik: az egyik a jogokon alapul vagy deontolgiai megkzelts, a msik pedig a haszonelv (utilitarista) vagy kvetkezmnyetikai (konzekvencialista) megkzelts. Tom Regan, az szak-Karolinai llami Egyetem nyugalmazott filozfiaprofesszora a jogokon alapul megkzelts elmleti szakembere, s gy rvel, hogy az llatok az let tlsnek kpessge miatt nll rtkkel brnak hiszen rendelkeznek meggyzdsekkel, vgyakkal, rzelmi lettel, memrival s a cltudatos cselekvs kpessgvel , ebbl kvetkezen pedig gy kell tekinteni rjuk, mint akik nmagukban is clok, nem pedig egy cl eszkzei.[74] Azt mondja, hogy az ilyen kpessg llnyek azon jogt, hogy ne essenek rtalomnak ldozatul, csak akkor lehet fellbrlni, ha azt fellmljk ms, hiteles etikai elvek. De az llati termkek fogyasztsa mellett felsorolt okok lvezet, knyelem, s a gazdk gazdasgi rdekei nem elegend slyak ahhoz, hogy fellbrljk az llatok etikai jogait.[75]

Gary L. Francione, a newarki Rutgers Jogi Egyetem jogszprofesszora szintn a jogokon alapul megkzelts szakrtje. Amellett rvel, hogy minden rz lnynek meg kellene, hogy legyen legalbb egy joga a jog, hogy ne tulajdonknt bnjanak vele, s a vegnn vlsnak vitathatatlan minimumnak kell lennie brki szmra, aki a ms fajhoz tartoz llatokra gy tekint, mint akiknek nll erklcsi rtkk van; ennek elmulasztsa olyan, mint az emberi jogok mellett rvelni, mikzben valaki tovbbra is rabszolgkat tart. Azt rja, hogy nincs logikus klnbsg a hsevs, valamint a tejtermk- s tojsfogyaszts kztt; a tehenszetekben s tojsfarmokon hasznlt llatok tovbb lnek, rosszabbul bnnak velk, s ugyanazokon a vghidakon ktnek ki. Francione kritizlja a konzekvencialista nzeteket, amelyek megengedik az esetenknti kivteleket a vegn elvek all.[77]

Peter Singer, a Princeton Egyetem bioetika professzora a krdst az utilitarista filozfia nzpontjbl kzelti meg. gy rvel, hogy nem ltezik erklcsi vagy logikai mentsgnk arra, hogy figyelmen kvl hagyjuk az llatoknak okozott szenvedst az etikai dntseink sorn s hogy az rz lt az egyetlen olyan jellegzetessg, amely szszer mdon meghatrozhatja, hogy egy lny rdekeit figyelembe kell-e vennnk. Pusztn az llatok meglst nem helytelenti, de gy vli, hogy konzekvencialista nzpontbl kerlend gy tenni, hacsak nem szksges a tllshez.[78] Singer clja az llatok szenvedsnek cskkentse, s e cl eszkzeknt mind a veganizmust, mind pedig a haszonllatok tartsi krlmnyeinek javtst tmogatja.[79]

Francionval ellenttben Singert nem aggasztja az, amit a vegn alapelvek trivilis megszegseinek nevez, kijelentve, hogy nem a szemlyes tisztasgrl van sz. Tmogatja az gynevezett prizsi kivtelt: ha egy j tteremben tallod magad, engedd meg magadnak, hogy azt eszel, amit akarsz, s ha idegen helyen vagy, ahol nem jutsz hozz vegn telhez, elfogadhat, ha ehelyett vegetrinus vagy.[80]

A prizsi kivtel Singer ltali tmogatsa rsze az llatjogi mozgalmon belli arrl szl vitnak, hogy milyen mrtkig kellene hirdetni a kivtelek nlkli szigor veganizmust. A nzeteket jl tkrzi az eltrs a Singer s a PETA ltal kpviselt konzekvencialista, llatvd oldal s a Francione ltal kpviselt, jogokat hangslyoz abolicionista megkzelts kztt. Elbbi gy rvel, hogy a fokozatos vltozs eljuthat valdi reformhoz, mg utbbi szerint a ltszlagos jlti reform csak a kzvlemny meggyzst szolglja arrl, hogy az llatok hasznlata erklcsileg nem problematikus. Singer 2006-ban kijelentette, hogy a mozgalomnak tolernsabbnak kellene lennie azok irnt, akik az llati termkek hasznlata mellett dntenek, ha k gyelnek arra, hogy az llatoknak elfogadhat letk legyen.[81] A PETA rszrl Bruce Friedrich ugyanabban az vben kijelentette, hogy a szigor ragaszkods a veganizmushoz megszllottsgg vlhat. Mint rja, a veganizmusnak nem kellene dogmnak lenni:

Mind ismernk embereket, akik azrt nem vlnak vegnn, mert nem tudnak lemondani a sajtrl vagy jgkrmrl...

Ahelyett, hogy arra btortannk ket, hogy a sajton vagy jgkrmen kvl hagyjk abba minden egyb llati termk fogyasztst, a tejtermel tehenek elnyomsrl papolunk nekik. Majd azzal folytatjuk, hogy mi nem esznk cukrot vagy vega burgert a zsemle miatt, br a zsemlben a kevske vaj z lnyegesen kevesebb szenvedst jelent, mint brmilyen nem bio gymlcs vagy zldsg, vagy egy manyag palack, vagy 100 egyb dolog, amit legtbben hasznlunk. Fanatikus megszllottsgunk az alapanyagokkal nemcsak az llatok szenvedst bortja homlyba ami szinte nem ltezik az alapanyag ama apr adagja miatt hanem alighanem azt is garantlja, hogy a krlttnk lvk semmit nem fognak vltoztatni.

Francione azt rja, hogy ez a nzet ahhoz hasonlt, mintha azt mondannk, hogy mivel az emberi jogokkal val visszalst soha nem lehet teljesen felszmolni, ezrt nem kellene vnunk az emberi jogokat a felgyeletnk alatt ll helyzetekben sem. Mint rja, azzal, hogy elmulasztjuk megkrdezni a felszolgltl, hogy valamiben van-e llati termk, azrt, hogy ne csapjunk hht, megerstjk azt az elkpzelst, hogy az llatok erklcsi jogai egy knyelmi krds. Ebbl arra kvetkeztet, hogy a PETA/Singer nzet mg sajt konzekvencialista terepn is kudarcot vall.[83]

A krnyezeti okokbl vegnn vlk gyakran azrt tesznek gy, mert az kevesebb erforrst fogyaszt s kisebb krnyezeti krt okoz. A PETA s hasonl szervezetek rmutatnak, hogy az llattartsnak kze van a klmavltozshoz, vzszennyezshez, talajleromlshoz, a biodiverzits cskkenshez, s a kereskedelem rvn elrhet llati alap trend tbb fldet, vizet s energit hasznl, mint a szigoran vegetrinus.[85]

A tejtermelsrl nmet nyelven ezen a svjci honlapon tallhat informci.

Az ENSZ lelmezsgyi s Mezgazdasgi Szervezete (FAO) 2006 novemberben jelentst tett kzz, sszektve az llattartst a krnyezet krosodsval. A jelents, Az llattarts hossz rnyka, gy sszegez, hogy az llattart gazat (elssorban a tehenek, csirkk s sertsek) egyike annak a kt vagy hrom gazatnak, amelyek a bolyg legslyosabb krnyezeti problmihoz a legkomolyabban hozzjrulnak, minden szinten, a helyitl a globlisig. A jelents szerint, CO2-egyenrtkben mrve, az llattarts felels a vilg veghzhats gz kibocstsainak legalbb 18 szzalkrt. Az llattarts (kztk a krdzk emsztse s a trgya) felels az USA emberi eredet, szn-dioxid egyenrtkben kifejezett veghzhats gz kibocstsnak 3,1%-rt.[86] Ez az EPA becsls a UNFCCC Rszes Felek Konferencija (COP) ltal elfogadott metodikn alapul, s az IPCC Msodik rtkel Jelentsbl szrmaz 100 ves globlis melegt kapacitsokat hasznltk az veghzhats gz-kibocstsok szn-dioxid egyenrtkknt val becslsekor. 2010 jniusban egy ENSZ Krnyezetvdelmi Program (UNEP) jelents kijelentette, hogy globlis vltsra van szksg a vegn trend fel, hogy megmentsk a vilgot az hnsgtl, zemanyaghinytl s klmavltozstl.[87]

Az veghzhats gz kibocstsok nem korltozdnak az llattartsra. Hasonl problmkat okoznak nvnyi forrsok, mint a rizstermeszts.[88] Egy 2007-es vizsglat, amely New York llam fldrajzi viszonyai kztt szimullta a klnbz trendek fldhasznlatt, arra kvetkeztetett, hogy br a vegetrinus trendek hasznltk fejenknt a legkisebb fldterletet, egy alacsony zsrtartalm trend, amely tartalmaz nmi hst s tejtermket naponta kevesebb mint 57 grammot, azaz lnyegesen kevesebbet, mint amennyit az tlag amerikai elfogyaszt ugyanazon a fldterleten kicsivel tbb embert tudna elltni, mint egyes magas zsrtartalm vegetrinus trendek, mert az llati takarmnyokat rosszabb minsg fldn termesztik, mint az emberi fogyasztsra sznt termnyeket.[89]

Steven Davis, aki az llattudomnyok professzora az Oregon llami Egyetemen, 2001-ben azt rta, hogy a legkisebb rtalom elve nem kvnja meg a lemondst az sszes hsrl, mert egy nvnyi alap trend nem l meg kevesebb llatot, mint az, amelyik sznn tartott krdzkbl szrmaz marhahst tartalmaz. Davis szerint a nvnytermeszts is l llatokat, mert amikor egy traktor vgigmegy egy fldn, llatok vletlenszeren elpusztulnak. Egy vizsglat adataira alapozva, amely szerint a betakartst kveten az erdei egr populci hektronknt 25-rl 5-re esett (amit az elvndorlsnak s elhallozsnak tulajdontottak), Davis gy becslte, hogy vente hektronknt 10 llat elpusztul a nvnytermeszts miatt. Ha az USA sszefgg 48 llamnak teljes 490 000 km-nyi termfldjt vegn trendre hasznlnk, akkor megkzeltleg 500 milli llat halna meg vente. De ha a termfld felt talaktank krdzk legeljv, akkor becslse szerint csak 900 ezer feltve, hogy az emberek tvltanak az vente meglt 8 millird baromfirl marhahsra, birkra s tejtermkekre.[90]

Davis elemzst kritizlta Gaverick Matheny s Andy Lamey 2003-ban a Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics hasbjain. Matheny szerint Davis tvesen szmolta ki az elpusztult llatok szmt, terleti alapon, ahelyett, hogy fogyaszti alapon fejenknt szmolt volna, s helytelenl tett egyenlsgjelet az llatoknak okozott kr ... s az elpusztult llatok szma kz. Matheny szerint fejenknt, fogyaszti alapon a vegn trend kevesebb vadon l llatot puszttana el, mint a Davis modellje szerinti trend, s a vegetrinussg valszn tbb lhet let llat ltezst teszi lehetv.[91] Lamey szerint Davis szmtsa a betakartssal sszefgg hallesetek szmrl hibs, mert kt tanulmnyon alapul; az egyik beleszmtotta a ragadozk ltali halleseteket, ami Regan szerint erklcsileg nem ellenezhet, a msik pedig egy nem standard termny ellltst vizsglta, ami Lamey szerint kevss alkalmazhat a tipikus nvnytermeszts sorn elfordul hallesetekre. Mathenyhez hasonlan Lamey is megjegyezte, hogy a vletlenszer hall erklcsileg klnbz a szndkostl, s ha Davis beleszmtja a veganizmus erklcsi kltsgbe az llatok vletlenszer hallt, akkor figyelembe kell vennie a javasolt trendjvel jr [lltlagos] megnvekedett emberi elhallozst is, amely utn Lamey szerint inkbb Davis, mint Regan rvelse a kevsb elfogadhat.[92]

Todd Ingram, a Scott Pilgrim a vilg ellen cm film s kpregny karaktere az egyik legnehezebben legyzhet rdgi ex, akivel Scottnak meg kell kzdenie. A Vegn Akadmira jrt, ahol elsajtthatta a vegnsg minden fortlyt, gy jutott hozz klnleges kpessgeihez. Specilis trendje emberfeletti ervel ruhzza fel t, kzelharcban verhetetlen, egyetlen klcsapssal falakat rombol le, radsul ha gitrprbajra kerl sor, nincs ellenfl, akinek lealzsa nehzsget jelentene szmra. Amint azonban megszegi a vegnsg szablyait, ereje szertefoszlik. Minden szupervegnt szigoran ellenriz a Vegn Rendrsg, ami ell nincs menekvs.

"Felntteket vizsglva, a nem-vegetrinus tkezsi szoksokkal sszehasonltva, a vegetrinus tkezsi szoksokhoz javul egszsggyi kiltsok trsulnak az elhzs alacsonyabb szintje, szv- s rrendszeri betegsgek cskken kockzata, s ltalnos cskken halandsg.

A vegetrinusok ltalban kisebb arnyban fogyasztanak zsrokbl (klnsen teltett zsrsavakbl) szrmaz kalrit; sszessgben kevesebb kalrit fogyasztanak; s tbb rostot, kliumot s C-vitamint, mint a nem-vegetrinusok. ltalban a vegetrinusoknak alacsonyabb a testtmeg-indexe. E jellemzk s a vegetrinus trenddel jr tovbbi letmdbeli tnyezk llhatnak a vegetrinusok kztt megfigyelt kedvez egszsggyi vltozsok mgtt."

Ez a szcikk rszben vagy egszben a Veganism cm angol Wikipdia-szcikk ezen vltozatnak fordtsn alapul. Az eredeti cikk szerkesztit annak laptrtnete sorolja fel.

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Veganizmus Wikipdia

Certified Organic Farms

The New Jersey Department of Agriculture Organic Certification Program is accredited by the USDA as an Accredited Certification Agent. Businesses certifed for organic production and handling have had rigorous third party oversight and undergo a yearly update and inspection. Certification is the only guarantee that products produced as organic meet the rigorous national standard for organic production and handling.

Atlantic County

Big Buck FarmsBlueberries (609) 704-7622 345 Columbia Road Hammonton, NJ 08037

Brookeberry Farms, LLC Raspberries, Blueberries P.O. Box 332 Hammonton, NJ 08037

Jah's CreationVegetables, Herbs, Flowers, Ornamental (609) 272-9538 4045 Spruce Ave Egg Harbor Twp, NJ 08234

Masters Organic FarmVegetables (609) 593-3043 222 S. Cologne Ave. Egg Harbor City, NJ 08215

Rosedale Blueberry FarmBlueberries (609) 567-8130 145 Laurel Ave. Hammonton, NJ 08037

Bergen

Old Hook FarmVegetables, Herbs 650 Old Hook Rd. Emerson, NJ 07630

Burlington County

1895 Organic FarmVegetables, Herbs, Berries (609) 267-5953 303 Landing Street Lumberton, NJ 08048

Honey Brook Organic FarmVegetables, Herbs, Flowers, Berries (609) 847-9066 258 Crosswicks Ellisdale Rd. Chesterfield,NJ08515-1119

Paradise Organic Farms LLC Vegetables, Berries 139 Bordentown-Georgetown Rd. Chesterfield, NJ 08515

Camden County

The Alhambra Organic FarmVegetables, Herbs, Berries, Flowers (856) 768-0510 250 Vineyard Road Atco, NJ 08004

Cumberland County

Ag Mart Produce, Inc.Tomato Grape 20 Duffield Ave. Cedarville, NJ 08311

Brenmar Farms Vegetables, Berries 865 Hogbin Rd. Millville, NJ 08322

Catbird Naturally OrganicVegetables, Fruits, Berries, Nuts, Dried Beans (856) 455-5811 28 Ayers Lane Bridgeton, NJ 08302

R&R Flaim Next Generation Produce Vegetables, Herbs 1770 Panther Rd. Vineland, NJ 08361

Jersey Legacy Farms, LLCVegetables (856) 447-4332 562 Sayres Neck Road Cedarville, NJ 08311

Marolda Farm, Inc.Vegetables, Herbs (856) 696-0444 3024 Vine Road Vineland, NJ 08360

Rutgers Ag Research and Experiment Vegetables 121 Northville Rd. Bridgeton, NJ 08302

South Jersey OrganicGrains (Corn, Soy, Oats) (856) 691-8815 491 North Lincoln Avenue Vineland, NJ 08361

Vannini Farms, Inc. Herbs 3530 Oak Rd. Vineland, NJ08347

Gloucester County

K. Johnson Farms, LLCArugula, Herbs, Radishes 528 Erial Rd. Sicklerville, NJ 08081

Muth Family FarmsVegetables, Herbs, Flowers (856) 582-0363 1639 Pitman-Downer Road Williamstown, NJ 08094

Savoie Organic FarmVegetables, Herbs (856) 629-9020 990 East Malaga Road Williamstown, NJ 08094

Summer Wind Farms, LLC Fruits, Vegetables 3366 Victoria Ave. Newfield, NJ 08344

Hunterdon County

Amwell Valley Organic GrainsPopcorn, Hay (609) 397-4583 http://www.farmersteve.com 81 Dunkard Church Road Stockton, NJ 08559

Central Valley FarmVegetables (908) 892-2297 12 Huff Lane Asbury, NJ 08802

Comeback FarmVegetables, Herbs, Flowers (908) 537-9449 8 DeBoer Farm Lane Asbury, NJ 08802

Fields Without FencesVegetables, Fruits, Herbs (732) 890-3451 73 Barbertown-Idell Road Frenchtown, NJ 08825

Hand Picked FarmVegetables (908) 447-0267 http://www.handpickedfarm.com 9 Stacey Road Flemington, NJ 08822

Hollandview FarmHerbs, Vegetables, Berries (908) 399-5658 http://www.Hollandviewfarm.com 387 Ellis Road Milford, NJ 08848

Lockatong Organic Herb FarmHerbs, Vegetables, Hay (908) 334-1000 477 Byram Kingwood Road Frenchtown, NJ 08825

North Slope FarmVegetables, Herbs, Flowers, Hay (609) 460-4636 http://www.northslopefarm.com 386 Rock Road East Lambertville, NJ 08530

Profeta Farms Beef, pork, chicken, eggs, and produce (908) 237-0301 info@profetafarms.com 803 US Highway 202 Neshanic Station, NJ 08853

Rolling Hills FarmMushrooms (609) 273-7530 http://www.RollinghillsFarm.org 133 Seabrook Road Lambertville, NJ 08530

Snyder Research FarmVegetables (908) 730-9419 http://snyderfarm.rutgers.edu 140 Locust Grove Road Pittstown, NJ 08867

Zeng FarmField Crops / Grains (908) 406-0747 25 Hampton Corner Road Ringoes, NJ 08551

Mercer County

Blue Moon AcresVegetables (215) 704-7903 http://www.bluemoonacres.net 11 Willow Creek Drive Pennington, NJ 08534

Cherry Grove FarmHay, Pasture (609) 219-0053 http://www.cherrygrovefarm.com 3200 Lawrenceville Road Lawrenceville, NJ 08648

Chickadee Creek FarmVegetables, Mushrooms (609) 462-3854 http://www.chickadeecreekfarm.com 80 Titus Mill Road Pennington, NJ 08534

Honey Brook Organic FarmVegetables, Herbs, Flowers, Berries (609) 847-9066 http://www.honeybrookorganicfarm.com 260 Wargo Road Pennington, NJ 08534

I AM NJ OrganicVegetables, herbs, flowers (609) 529-1237 http://www.facebook.com/iamnjorganic 60 Woods Road East Windsor, NJ 08520

M.S. Conover, Inc.Vegetables, Herbs, Flowers (609) 306-5139 11 Carter Road Princeton, NJ 08540

Orchard FarmVegetables, Herbs, Flowers (609) 466-1365 1052 Cherry Hill Road Princeton, NJ 08540

Terhune OrchardsVegetables (609) 924-2310 http://www.terhuneorchards.com 330 Cold Soil Road Princeton, NJ 08540

Z Food FarmVegetables (609) 610-4909 http://www.zfoodfarm.com 3501 Princeton Pike Lawrenceville, NJ 08648

Monmouth County

Merrick FarmVegetables (732) 938-2491 98 Merrick Road Farmingdale, NJ 07727

Reginas Certified Organic Vegetable FarmVegetables, Herbs (732) 522-1777 http://www.njorganicfarm.com 692 Lakewood-Farmingdale Road Howell, NJ 07731

St. Petersburg's FarmVegetables, Herbs, Flowers, Beef, Eggs (732) 570-2827 36 Georgia Road Freehold, NJ 07728

Morris County

School Lunch Organic FarmVegetables, Berries, Hay, Herbs, & Flowers (908) 451-0051 http://www.schoollunchfarm.com 69 Stephens State Park Road Hackettstown, NJ 07840

Ocean County

Good Tree Farm of New Egypt Fruits & Vegetables (609) 672-2080 http://www.goodtreefarms.com 82 Jacobstown Road New Egypt, NJ 08533

Salem County

DanLynn FarmsVegetables, Berries, Hay (856) 299-6665 http://www.danlynnfarms.com 145 Perkintown Road Pedricktown, NJ 08067

Neptune FarmHay, Pasture (856) 935-3612 http://www.neptunefarm.com 723 Harmersville-Canton Road Salem, NJ 08079

The Philly Chile CompanyVegetables, Transplants (856) 358-1431 http://www.phillychile.com 235 Swedesboro Rd. Monroeville, NJ 08343

Somerset County

Great Road Farm LLCVegetables (646) 342-3546 http://www.greatroadfarm.com 1459 Great Road Skillman, NJ 08558

Harrison Brook FarmVegetables, Herbs, Straw/Hay (908) 647-6711 http://www.harrisonbrookfarm.com P.O. Box 272 Liberty Corner, NJ 07938

Harvest Moon Farm LLCHerbs, vegetables (908) 581-4817 http://www.harvestmoonfarm.net1112 Dukes Parkway West Hillsborough, NJ 08844

Runnin Free Organic FarmVegetables, Herbs, Flowers (908) 938-8326 http://www.theorganicegg.com 115 Wertsville Road Hillsborough, NJ 08844

Sussex County

Circle Brook FarmVegetables, Herbs, Flowers (973) 332-6935 141 Brighton Road Andover, NJ 07821

Kittatinny Mountain FarmVegetables, Herbs, Flowers (862) 268-7122 https://www.facebook.com/pages/Kittatinny-Mountain-Farm/172339109469223 1339 Route 23 Wantage, NJ 07461

Stephens FarmMilk, Vegetables (973) 875-2849 467 Route 284 Sussex, NJ 07461

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Jersey Fresh| Certified Organic Farms

8 Hours Relaxing Music | Deep Sleep Music: Delta Waves |. Use this spically created music during deep sleeping, insomnia. Also it is exellent as a background for Meditation, Yoga, Calm Massage, Pregnancy. Totaly relax your mind and body and heal your soul. A delta wave is a high amplitude brain wave with a frequency of oscillation between 04 hertz. Delta waves, like other brain waves, are recorded with an electroencephalogram (EEG) and are usually associated with the deep stage 3 of NREM sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), and aid in characterizing the depth of sleep.

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Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness...... Read more

Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness (flexibility, muscular strength, and cardio-vascular fitness). It is usually performed to music and may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor (fitness professional), although it can be done solo and without musical accompaniment. With the goal of preventing illness and promoting physical fitness, practitioners perform various routines comprising a number of different dance-like exercises. Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity. Aerobics classes may allow participants to select their level of participation according to their fitness level. Many gyms offer a variety of aerobic classes. Each class is designed for a certain level of experience and taught by a certified instructor with a specialty area related to their particular class.

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Aerobics Videos - Dailymotion

Calling all Latin addicts and instructors! Latin Explosion spins the current and spiciest Latin hits together on a double CD. With music from Gente de Zona, Pitbull, Magic Juan, Farrago, Ceky Viciny, La Banda Attaque, Oro Solido, Shelow Shaq and many more Different Latin music styles suitable for any kind of Latin masterclass!

Volume 74 contains up-to-date cardio and up tempo hits like 7 years, Cake by the ocean, Work, Stressed out, Lush life plus exclusive remixes from Caf del Mar, Faded, Sweet lovin and Fast car. 2 dynamic mixes including 3 performance tracks and 1 cool-down.

70s music has been inspiring musicians and artists for decades. Disco Party Remixed is a mind-blowing 2 CD set blending the original 70s music with todays 70s remixes. Enlighten the dance-floor and bring on the glitter-ball as this is a collectors item!

Aeromix 115 featuring the latest hits from Icona Pop, Alan Walker, Major Lazer, Sigala, Robin Schulz, Walk The Moon, Jess Glynne and many more 2 mixes with a constant 130 and 140 BPM suitable for a wide variety of group exercise classes.

A double CD set featuring the best rock hits from the last 4 decades. Timeless original tracks flawlessly mixed for a power-packed group x class including music from Genesis, Bryan Adams, Roxy Music, T-Rex, INXS, The Rolling Stones, AC/DC, Dire Straits and many more

A collectors edition playing all the best top-notch tunes from last year. Featuring the hits from Avicii, Calvin Harris, Sigala, Adele, Ellie Goulding, Mark Ronson, Gallants, Major Lazer and much more A triple CD release including 3 powerful workout-mixes, final performance tracks and cooling down songs.

A triple CD package containing an overdose of high energized hits. 3 powerful workout mixes containing the top hits and remixes from 2015 along with tomorrows new highlights. Over 200 minutes of music including 3 workout mixes, 8 performing tracks and 3 cooldown songs!

MTraxs leading release hits you with volume 72. Up-to-date cardio and up-tempo music like How Deep is Your Love, For a Better Day, Dont Be So Hard on Yourself, Powerfull, Drag Me Down, Runaway, Emergency will boost up any workout with this spectacular release!

Yes, its that time: Countdown to Christmas. Feast your ears with the holly-jolly and sing-al-long Xmas tunes. New music from Mariah Carey, Kelly Clarkson, Bananarama, Leona Lewis but also the classics from Bing Crosby, Band Aid, Elton John will surely brings you in the right mood for the Xmas Holidays. But first give us 10 push-ups!

A double CD set featuring the hits Waiting for love, Emergency, Fun, Holiday, Sun is shining, Summer thing and many more Aeromix 113 Brings you the best commercial tunes of today. The steady BPM range makes this release suitable for a wide variety of group exercise classes.

A double CD set featuring the hits Shut up and dance, Next to me, Style, King, Hey mama, Higher, Juicy wiggle and many more Aeromix 112 Brings you the best commercial tunes of today. The steady BPM range makes this release suitable for a wide variety of group exercise classes.

Summers here! Uplift your masterclasses with the best of tropical infused hits from the last 20 years. Each tune brings a highly sing-a-long potential brought on a double CD format. Bring on the Cuba Libres and sunglasses because its time for a beach party!

The Instructors favorite release is back with edition 71. Top notch seasonable cardio music and up-tempo favorites like GFDR, Five More Hours, Show me Love, Runaway, Cheerleader, Fourfiveseconds and much more will maximize the energy in your workout sessions.

A double CD set featuring the hits Cheerleader, Runaway (U & I), Living for love, Four Five Seconds, Love me like you do and many more. Aeromix 111 features the best commercial sound. The steady 130 and 140 BPM makes this release suitable for a wide variety of group exercise classes.

Unleash absolute power containing todays popular songs transformed into explosive remixes at a steady non-stop 140 BPM. A double CD set with the perfect tracklist for a wide variety of Mid-Tempo classes.

MTrax highest rated release is here! Volume 70 Annual 2015 serves you the Best of 2014. A triple CD pack containing 200 minutes of music in 3 explosive workout-mixes. Motivate your students with this sizzling release!

Its all about being a step ahead. The Chart-mixes are amongst the most popular releases from Aeromix. Edition 2015 features the best of hits from 2014 combined with todays newcomers. 3 powerful mixes including final performance tracks and cooldowns.

Volume 110 will shake you off, youre participants will go wild, have some boom clap and blame it on the Aeromix DJs. 41 brand new tracks on a double CD set including final performance tracks and cooldown songs

Best of Clubbing compiles all your favorite EDM tracks in a double CD set. 2 full throttled energized power-mixes with music from David Guetta, Gorgon City, Ten Walls, Steve Aoki, Calvin Harris; Kiesza, Hardwell, Afrojack and many more With only The Best of Clubsound, this compilation is your perfect guide into 2015!

What happens when you blend some of the biggest Pophits with some of this years most vicious Electronic Dance Music? Prepare for a 70 minutes non-stop song battle accessing all areas. If youre ready for teaching on something unique? Then Best of Dance Mashup 2015 is definitely a must-have!

A multifunctional release for any type of your classes. Volume 25 features the latest hits from Arianna Grande, Pharrell Williams, Olly Murs, Calvin Harris, Betty Who, G.R.L., Tove Lo, Nico & Vinz and many more A double release with 46 songs in the mix including final performance tracks and tremendous cooldown songs from Kwabs, Becky Hill, Taylor Swift & Mr. Probz.

Volume 109 features the hits like Rude, Magic, Koala, Fireball and many more a joint venture between mainstream and clubsound. Turn up the volume and unleash the Swedish energy!

Fighting Fit unleashes fury and pure power. A double compilation that blends the latest EDM Dance with hi-energized remixes from todays popmusic. Both mixes runs with a steady 130 BPM & 150 BPM. Get in the cage and fight those calories!

Volume 69 is filled with todays biggest hits from start to finish. Music from Ella Henderson, Tove Lo, Ed Sheeran, Iggy Azalea, David Guetta, Zhu, Bebe Rexha, simply just to many to mention Double CD set with final performance tracks and cooldowns.

PopStars are made famous for their artists tributes and music trends from the past and future. CD1 kicks off with the 2014 Latin Grammy artists, followed by Lady Gaga who takes you on a hit-journey, the kings of the Summer festivals Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike makes the dance floor bounce and were ending with a feel good hi-nrg playlist from Pharrell, Outkast & Touch & Go. CD2 brings you Prince with his best of 80s hits, Furious and rare remixes from Michael Jackson and Donna Summer collaborates with Afrojack, Frankie Knuckles and many more.

The Hits series are made famous by their multi-styled selection of music each year. Volume 19 is yet again a fabulous compilation of Chart Music, Pop, EDM and Latin with brand new music from Ed Sheeran, David Guetta, Watermat, Little Nikki, Inna, Magic System, Usher, Ariana Grande, all on a double CD set.

The MTrax Aerobics series are amongst the most popular ones bringing energy infused hits and remixes. With volume 68 we contribute to these standards with music from Coldplay, Avicii, Katy Perry, Armand Van Helden, Duck Sauce and many more This double CD-set also contains Hi NRG pumping remixes from some great 90s artists like Captain Hollywood Project, Snap & Bryan Adams.

Introduces 2 music styles in 2 energetic workouts. CD1 contains a collection of Hi-NRG remixes from all-time favorite hits whilst CD2 serves powerful Drum & Bass tunes from todays hottest music. A furious release!

A triple CD pack serving you The Best of 2013 and introducing some great 2014 tunes. 210 minutes of music, over more than 60 tracks, 2 commercial pop mixes and 1 high energetic power-mix. Each CD has 3 finals and cooldown.

Volume 66 brings you 2 explosive workout mixes with music from Ellie Goulding, Capital Cities, Calvin Harris, Lady Gaga and many more. Aerobics 66 delivers also a few great energy pumping remixes from Rozallas Everybodys free and Just cant get enough from Depeche Mode. A double 60 minutes workout joy including final performance tracks and cooldowns.

The Aerobics series on Multitrax always brings you the right energy boost for your classes. Volume 65 is packed with the latest tunes from RedFoo, Juanes, Taylor Swift, Bastille, Flo Rida, Jennifer Lopez. This double workout set serves you also some exclusive beat-pumping remixes from Bingo Players, Kelly Clarkson and many more

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Aerobics | MTrax Fitness Music

A strong aerobics offering can dramatically impact a fitness centers bottom line, so its in the best interest of owners and managers to provide the best possible aerobics experience for students.

Three characteristics set the best aerobics classes apart: 1.) An outstanding teacher. 2.) A great program. 3.) An exceptionally designed aerobics studio.

Matflex can help your fitness facility ensure that #3 is in the bag. Our secret weapon for aerobics spaces is TileFlex Woodgrain. A durable, snap-together modular flooring used for a wide variety of aerobic activities, TileFlex provides a cushioned surface that absorbs shock, reduces stress on joints, fights fatigue, and supports even your highest-intensity aerobics class.

TileFlex interlocking floor tiles are available in our Maple Woodgrain and Parquet Patterns. A wide variety of options allow you to tailor the ambience of the space to suit your needs by accenting your fitness room flooring with Woodgrain trim colors that include blue, red, black, and green. These can be mixed and matched to create a distinctive look and effortlessly harmonize your space and flooring.

Leading fitness centers choose Matflex, but were also a great choice for smaller studios and even homes. TileFlex exercise room floorings easy, do-it-yourself assembly lets you get your aerobics studio active quicker. Plus, theres no need to worry about the potential of location changes. TileFlex is 100% portable. Simply dismantle and transport to your new location.

Whatever the size and intensity of your aerobics operation, Matflex can help you improve the fitness experience. Were Americas oldest modular flooring manufacturer for a reason we offer unparalleled quality, durability, and service. Get in touch for a quote or to learn more about our aerobics flooring.

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Exercise Room Flooring for Your Aerobics Floor Mateflex

The benefits of low-impact aerobics during pregnancy

Aerobics workouts strengthen your cardiovascular system (the heart, lungs, and blood vessels) and maintain muscle tone.

With a strong cardiovascular system, you won't tire as easily and will have more energy. Good muscle tone supports the physical changes your body is going through and reduces your risk of balance problems and falls. Workouts that promote flexibility can prevent soreness in areas that support more weight during pregnancy such as the upper and lower spine (breast and baby weight) this also helps you maintain good posture.

Read the rules of safe pregnancy exercise for more tips.

By now your pregnant belly is probably hampering some of your movements. If it feels too awkward to bend or reach, ask your healthcare provider or fitness professional about modifying your aerobics routine to make it more comfortable.

Learn more:

Eight great benefits of pregnancy exercise

Pregnancy exercise: Warning signs to slow down or stop

Four exercises to ease aches and help with labor

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Great pregnancy exercise: Low-impact aerobics | BabyCenter

We've all been told about the importance of aerobics in our daily lives. But what constitutes an activity as an aerobic one and how do we integrate it into our all ready busy lives?

Why we need to know more about aerobics Without a doubt, aerobics are particularly helpful for weight control. Research consistently shows that regular physical activity, combined with healthy eating habits, is the most efficient and healthful way to control your weight.

Whether you are trying to lose weight or maintain it, you should understand the important role of physical activity and include it in your lifestyle.

Physical activity helps to control your weight by using excess calories that otherwise would be stored as fat. The number of calories you eat and use each day regulates your body weight. Everything you eat contains calories, and everything you do uses calories, including sleeping, breathing, and digesting food. Any physical activity in addition to what you normally do will use extra calories.

Following a regular aerobics program gives you a sense of commitment and control - two positive mental attitudes that help counteract stress. Aerobics also relax tense muscles, thereby relieving your body's stress response.

Medical research has shown that regular aerobic activity increases the body's production of endorphins.

When is an activity an aerobic activity?

Aerobic exercise is any extended activity that makes you breathe hard while using the large muscle groups at a regular, even pace. Aerobic activities help make your heart stronger and more efficient. During the early part of exercise, your body uses stored carbohydrate and circulating fatty acids (the building blocks of fat molecules) for energy.

Aerobic refers to any exercise that helps you use oxygen more efficiently by reaching and maintaining your Target Heart Range - the safest range of heart beats per minute during exercise. Calculate your Target Heart Range by subtracting your age from 220 for women and 226 for men (go figure!) and multiplying your answer by 60% and by 80%. The lower number suggests a safe rate for beginners, while the higher number would be your goal as your fitness level improves.

For example, a 43-year-old woman subtracts her age from 220 to arrive at 177. Multiplying this number by 60% tells her that her safe rate is 106 beats per minute while her goal would be to bring the rate up to 80% or 141 beats per minute as her fitness level improves.

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The Benefits of Aerobic Exercises - New-Fitness

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Water Aerobics | LIVESTRONG.COM