A growing number of discerning adults are choosing to begin their retirement in the southeastern U.S. Discover Tennesseethe best place for natural beauty, endless opportunities and the good life.

Tennessee tantalizes, whetting your appetite, from fresh produce to white tablecloth occasions. Here, southern food meets southern hospitality, Savor pinnacle experiences, all in the state ranked one of the best places to retire.

In the Volunteer State, our lower cost of living translates into a richer quality of life. Tennessee, ranked second for the lowest cost of living in the nation, allows you to enjoy retirement to the fullest.

Please visit the Retire Tennessee booth at the following Expos:

Greater Chicago Hyatt Regency Schaumburg 1800 E. Golf Road Schaumburg, IL 60173 Saturday, Jan. 16 from 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Sunday, Jan. 17 from 11 a.m.-3 p.m.

Greater New York Hilton Long Island/Huntington 598 Broadhollow Road Melville, NY 11747 Saturday, Jan. 23 from 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Sunday, Jan. 24 from 11 a.m.-3 p.m.

Greater Atlanta Westin Atlanta Perimeter North 7 Concourse Parkway NE Atlanta, GA 30328 Saturday, Jan. 30 from 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Sunday, Jan. 31 from 11 a.m.-3 p.m.

Upcoming Ideal Living Resort & Retirement Expos Feb. 27-28, Somerset County, NJ Mar. 5-6, Greater Washington, DC

Just the perfect chill in the air.

Average high during wintermonths is 53

Choosing where to live when you retire is an important decision. Climate, healthcare and cost of living are a few factors to consider when deciding on your new home.

Chattanooga has been voted the Best Mountain Town by readers of Blue Ridge Outdoors!

More and more people are discovering Tennessee is a great place for retirement living.

Tennessee, and the Mid-South, becomes a retirement destination.

Tennessee tops the list of best places to retire, lauded for its low cost of living.

Clement Salvadori discovers the best roads in the Cumberland Highlands while visiting Cookeville for the HOG Rally.

Scenic Chattanooga is one of the top cities in the country for baby boomers and retirees.

Low living cost, climate and area attractions make Chattanooga a hot spot for retirees.

Governor Bill Haslam launched an initiative on Wednesday to make Tennessee a healthier place and named Kingsport as a pilot community in that effort. The initiative, called Healthier Tennessee Communities, is aiming to be a coordinated effort to support physical activity, healthy eating and tobacco abstinence at a local level.

A recent study from SmartAsset has foundthe most affordable places to retireand Cookeville ranked #4!

Chattanooga has made another national "best cities" list.Money magazine has included the city on its list of "Best Places to Retire 2015."

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Experience Tennessee Retirement | Retire Tennessee

Overview

Tennessee is one of the fastest growing states in America, with a population increase of almost ten percent since 2000. Tennessee is known as a tourist destination but now many retirees are flocking to the state in search of a low cost of living and access to great healthcare. The population of Tennessee is over six million, increasing annually, fueled by incoming Baby Boomers and retirees from the north, California and Florida. Nashville is one of the fastest growing cities in the nation and over 12 percent of the population is over the age of 65.

The state has a lot to offer including beautiful lakes, rivers and national parks. Whether your ideal retirement includes outdoor recreation, fine arts, culture or sports, there is something for everyone in Tennessee's active adult communities. A vibrant music scene and long history steeped in tradition have drawn retirees from all regions of the country. The state boasts one of the largest urban centers in the country is accessible in less than a day s drive, making it an ideal retirement destination that is close to friends and family. Major medical centers, top-notch colleges and universities and active civic organizations further enhance Tennessee's age-restricted and age-targeted communities that offer a great sense of community for citizens young and old.

Climate & Geography

The climate in Tennessee is mostly humid subtropical, except in the higher Blue Ridge and Appalachian Mountains. Temperatures average in the mid 80s in the summer and mid 50s in the winter. Active adult communities in Tennessee have nights that are cooler in the eastern portion of the state. Winter in the higher elevations is cool and can drop to freezing. The Gulf of Mexico creates much of the climate in the state, bringing winds that drive the fifty inches of rain each year.

The state is covered with mountains and valleys along tributaries of the Tennessee River and the Tennessee River Valley. The Blue Ridge Mountains are not well populated, and are protected by the Great Smokey Mountains National Park. Western Tennessee is the area most likely to attract tornadoes, with an average of fifteen per year. There is not much snow, but fog can impede travel, especially in the mountains.

Recreation, Culture & Entertainment

Tennessee's active adult communities live near areas that are rich in history and are filled with culture, recreation and social opportunities. The largest city is Memphis, but the best-known city is Nashville, the music capital of the south and the home of Elvis Presley s Graceland. Many Civil War battles were fought in Tennessee, the most of any state, including the famed Battle of Murfreesboro. After the war, a Tennessee Democrat became Abraham Lincoln s Vice President: Andrew Johnson. The Civil War battlefield of Shiloh is preserved and open to the public for exploration.

For music lovers, the three cities of Nashville, Memphis and Bristol provide venues to hear country music, soul, blues or rock and roll. Bristol is known as the birthplace of country music and the home of the Carter family and Tennessee Ernie Ford. Nashville is known for the Grand Ole Opry and the Country Music Hall of Fame, and is nicknamed Music City, USA . Memphis is the birthplace of the blues, rock and roll, and it's the home of B.B. King. Gospel Music also abounds in Tennessee s Bible Belt. Active Adults have plenty of entertainment options around the entire state.

55+ communities in Tennessee are an outdoor enthusiast's paradise. Bass fishing is a favorite pastime in the state s numerous lakes and rivers. Hikers enjoy the Appalachian Trail as well as the 54 State Parks. In the midst of its beautiful mountains and river valleys, Tennessee is also home to over 8,000 caves, which provide adventures. World-class whitewater rafting is available in the Cherokee National Forest. There are numerous campsites located just a short drive from both Nashville and Memphis. With its year-round mild climate, Tennessee provides a great environment for active seniors to enjoy.

Cost of Living & Taxes

Those seeking to live in active adult communities in Tennessee will find that cost of living favorable. Cost of living for the state is about 10 percent lower than the national average.

Income tax in Tennessee does not apply to salary or wages, but it does apply to income from stocks, bonds and notes. Interest receives a $1,250 exemption per person. Sales tax in the state is 7 percent, but food is at 5.5 percent, and local areas add to the state tax. An inheritance tax is imposed on estates larger than one million dollars.

Healthcare

Tennessee provides great healthcare for its citizens. Their numerous hospitals and its supportive government create a positive atmosphere for the flourishing of healthcare. Numerous hospitals provide patient care, including the famed Vanderbilt Medical Center at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. The Methodist Medical Center of Oak Ridge was named the top hospital in Tennessee for two years in a row. They also earned a national award of excellence in heart failure treatment. Active adults in Tennessee's retirement communities are nearby top healthcare options.

Read this article:
Tennessee - Active Adult Retirement Communities | 55 Places

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See more here:
jacksonville, FL sales jobs - craigslist

If you are using a computer on campus, Florida College offers access to these subscription databases: Reference EbscoHost Journals and Magazines JSTOR Journals and Magazines Open Resource Journals and Indexes Newspapers (Newsbank) eBooks Music Descriptions A to Z Maps

A collection of more than 146,000 maps and supplemental materials. is the only product that combines such a large database of static, animated, real-time, scientific, and antique maps in one, easy-to-access place.

Academic Search Complete is the worlds most valuable and comprehensive scholarly, multi-disciplinary full-text database, with more than 6,100 full-text periodicals, including more than 5,100 peer-reviewed journals. In addition to full text, this database offers indexing and abstracts for more than 10,100 journals and a total of more than 10,600 publications including monographs, reports, conference proceedings, etc.

Find current and archived articles on issues, events, people, government, and more with the worlds largest collection of state, regional, national, and international full-text newspapers and other news sources.

ATLA is an online collection of major religion and theology journals selected by leading religion scholars and theologians. Users can read articles or research the history of a topic from as early as 1924 to the present. Currently, researchers are able to use ATLA as a search tool to retrieve images of the pages in more than one-hundred different journals.

Business Source Complete exceeds all other databases available in terms of its premium content of peer-reviewed, business related journals. Included as part of the comprehensive coverage offered by this database are indexing and abstracts for the most important scholarly business journals, dating back as far as 1886.

Classical Music Library is a fully searchable classical music resourcea comprehensive collection of distinguished classical recordings. It includes tens of thousands of licensed recordings that users can listen to over the Internet. Users browse, search, click, and then listen to the music through their headphones. The music moves from Medieval to contemporary, from choral works to symphonies, operas, and the avant-garde. Weve licensed multiple versions of works to enable comparative listening by studentsa major bonus for academics.

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CMMC offers cover-to-cover (core) indexing and abstracts for more than 570 journals, and selected (priority) coverage of nearly 200 more, for a combined coverage of more than 770 titles. Furthermore, this database includes full text for over 450 journals. Many major journals have indexing, abstracts, PDFs and searchable cited references from their first issues to the present (dating as far back as 1915).

A reference database that contains encyclopedias, almanacs, dictionaries, and many other basic reference works. The Concept Map is a useful feature for discovering other terms related to your search term.

A collection of almost 40,000 ebooks, Many of these ebooks are also included in our online catalog.

Provides full text of articles from over 350 journals as far back as 1996, in addition to indexing of over 770 periodicals dating back to 1983. Subject coverage includes adult education, continuing education, literacy standards, multicultural/ethnic education, teaching methods, in-depth coverage of special education and much more.

An online version of the print publication. It contains both traditional encyclopedia articles and photos, video and audio clips, and links. Also available are the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and Thesaurus. MLA citation information is available at the bottom of each article.

A database primarily for use by those in education, containing over 107,000 full-text documents. Use Advanced Search for the most precise results.

Allows students to search several databases, including WorldCat (books in libraries across the world), ArticleFirst (indexes articles from selected journals), ERIC, and more. References are not full-text.

The Florida Digital Newspaper Library exists to provide access to the news and history of Florida. All of the over 1,000,000 pages of historic through current Florida newspapers in the Florida Digital Newspaper Library are openly and freely available with zoomable page images and full text. The Florida Digital Newspaper Library builds on the work done in microfilm within the Florida Newspaper Project.

The Florida Electronic Library is a gateway to select Internet resources that offers access to comprehensive, accurate, and reliable information. Available resources include electronic magazines, newspapers, almanacs, encyclopedias, and books, providing information on topics such as current events, education, business, technology, and health issues.

Gales Literary Index provides quick and easy access to author and title listings from over 130 literature products from Gale. The referenced products themselves will contain complete biographies on authors and critical essays on their writings. We own several of these titles and they are located in the R800s.

Access more than two million rights-cleared images from over 50 of the best collections in the world.

Established in 1997, JSTORs first collection includes core journals in economics, history, political science, and sociology, as well as in other key fields in the humanities and social sciences. This collection also contains titles in ecology, mathematics, and statistics. Arts & Sciences III includes journals in languages and literature, as well as titles in the fields of music, film studies, folklore, performing arts, religion, womens studies, and the history and study of art and architecture.

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Produced by the Modern Language Association (MLA), the electronic version of the bibliography dates back to the 1920s and contains millions of citations from journals & series, as well as book publishers. Subjects within the MLA International Bibliography consist of literature, language and linguistics, folklore, film, literary theory & criticism, dramatic arts, as well as the historical aspects of printing and publishing. Links to JSTOR.

Articles, biographies, and digests explore science topics including diseases, mammals, the environment, and physics. Learn about biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, health, oceanography, and applied sciences.

Comprehensive database providing nearly 560 full text publications dating as far back as 1965. The database covers topics such as emotional and behavioral characteristics, psychiatry & psychology, mental processes, anthropology, and observational and experimental methods. In addition to the full text, indexing and abstracts are provided for all journals in the collection.

More than 37 periodicals and twelve lectureship proceedings issued by members of the churches of Christ are included in the Restoration Serials Index.

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Florida College Library

The Enlightenment was a sprawling intellectual, philosophical, cultural, and social movement that spread through England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe during the 1700s. Enabled by the Scientific Revolution, which had begun as early as 1500, the Enlightenment represented about as big of a departure as possible from the Middle Agesthe period in European history lasting from roughly the fifth century to the fifteenth.

The millennium of the Middle Ages had been marked by unwavering religious devotion and unfathomable cruelty. Rarely before or after did the Church have as much power as it did during those thousand years. With the Holy Roman Empire as a foundation, missions such as the Crusades and Inquisition were conducted in part to find and persecute heretics, often with torture and death. Although standard at the time, such harsh injustices would eventually offend and scare Europeans into change. Science, though encouraged in the late Middle Ages as a form of piety and appreciation of Gods creation, was frequently regarded as heresy, and those who tried to explain miracles and other matters of faith faced harsh punishment. Society was highly hierarchical, with serfdom a widespread practice. There were no mandates regarding personal liberties or rights, and many Europeans feared religioneither at the hands of an unmerciful God or at the hands of the sometimes brutal Church itself.

The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, however, opened a path for independent thought, and the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, politics, economics, philosophy, and medicine were drastically updated and expanded. The amount of new knowledge that emerged was staggering. Just as important was the enthusiasm with which people approached the Enlightenment: intellectual salons popped up in France, philosophical discussions were held, and the increasingly literate population read books and passed them around feverishly. The Enlightenment and all of the new knowledge thus permeated nearly every facet of civilized life. Not everyone participated, as many uneducated, rural citizens were unable to share in the Enlightenment during its course. But even their time would come, as the Enlightenment also prompted the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, which provided rural dwellers with jobs and new cities in which to live.

Whether considered from an intellectual, political, or social standpoint, the advancements of the Enlightenment transformed the Western world into an intelligent and self-aware civilization. Moreover, it directly inspired the creation of the worlds first great democracy, the United States of America. The new freedoms and ideas sometimes led to abusesin particular, the descent of the French Revolution from a positive, productive coup into tyranny and bedlam. In response to the violence of the French Revolution, some Europeans began to blame the Enlightenments attacks on tradition and breakdown of norms for inducing the anarchy.

Indeed, it took time for people to overcome this opinion and appreciate the Enlightenments beneficial effect on their daily lives. But concrete, productive changes did, in fact, appear, under guises as varied as the ideas that inspired them. The effects of Enlightenment thought soon permeated both European and American life, from improved womens rights to more efficient steam engines, from fairer judicial systems to increased educational opportunities, from revolutionary economic theories to a rich array of literature and music.

These ideas, works, and principles of the Enlightenment would continue to affect Europe and the rest of the Western world for decades and even centuries to come. Nearly every theory or fact that is held in modern science has a foundation in the Enlightenment; in fact, many remain just as they were established. Yet it is not simply the knowledge attained during the Enlightenment that makes the era so pivotalits also the eras groundbreaking and tenacious new approaches to investigation, reasoning, and problem solving that make it so important. Never before had people been so vocal about making a difference in the world; although some may have been persecuted for their new ideas, it nevertheless became indisputable that thought had the power to incite real change. Just like calculus or free trade, the very concept of freedom of expression had to come from somewhere, and it too had firm roots in the Enlightenment.

Excerpt from:
SparkNotes: The Enlightenment (16501800): Overview

| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W |

A abandonment: When a parent leaves a child without enough care, supervision, support, or parental contact for an excessive period of time.

abrogate: To repeal or cancel an old law using another law or constitutional power.

abstract: A summary of what a court or government agency does.

abstract of judgment Summary of the courts final decision. Can be used as a lien if you file it with the county recorder.

accessory: A person that helps someone else commit a crime, either before or after the crime.

accomplice: A person that helps someone else commit a crime. Can be on purpose or not.

accrual: The total amount of child support payments that you owe or that are late.

accused: The person that is charged with a crime and has to go to criminal court. (See defendant.)

acknowledgment: Saying, testifying, or assuring that something is true. You can say this out loud or write it down.

Acknowledgment of Satisfaction of Judgment: A court form that the judgment creditor must fill out, sign, and file with the court when the judgment is fully paid. If no liens exist, the back of the Notice of Entry of Judgment can be signed and filed with the court. (See judgment creditor, judgment.)

acquittal: When a judge or jury finds that the person on trial is not guilty.

action: In court, when one person sues someone else to:

active status: A case that is in court but isnt "settled" or "decided" has active status. (See disposition, pending.)

adjournment: When a judge hears and decides a case.

adjudication: The judges decision in a case or action.

ad litem: "For this lawsuit." Comes from Latin.

administrative procedure: The way an executive government agency makes and enforces support orders without going to court.

admissible evidence: Evidence that can legally and properly be used in court.

admission: Saying that certain facts are true. But not saying you are guilty. (Compare with confession.)

admonish: To warn, advise, or scold.

admonition to jury: What the judge says to the jury about:

(1) what they must do and how they must behave,

(2) what evidence they can use to make their decision (called "admissible" evidence), and

(3) how they can use that evidence to make a decision.

adoption: The way to make the relationship between a parent and child legal when they are not related by blood.

adversary system: The system of trial practice in the United States and some other countries in which each of the opposing (or "adversary") parties has the opportunity to present and establish opposing positions before the court.

adverse witness: A person called to testify for the other side.

affidavit: A written statement that someone swears to under oath in front of someone that is legally authorized, like a judge or notary public.

affirm: To make a solemn (serious) statement.

affirmation: When an appellate court says that the lower courts decision was right.

affirmative defense: When a defendant or person responding to a civil case has a reason that would make him or her "not guilty" or not at fault and gives the court new evidence to prove that. The defense has to prove what it says (called "burden of proof"). The defense has to explain this defense in their answer.

agent: Someone that has authority to act for another.

Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC): A past government program that used to give money (also called "public assistance") to families with children. This was replaced by Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF).

alibi: A defense claim that the accused was somewhere else at the time a crime was committed.

alimony: Money the court orders you to pay to a spouse or ex-spouse. (See spousal support.)

allegation: A statement or claim that is made and hasnt been proved to be true or false.

allege: To say, declare, or charge that something is true even though it isnt proved yet.

alternative dispute resolution (ADR): Methods of resolving disputes without official court proceedings. These methods include mediation and arbitration.

amend: To add to or change a claim that has been filed in court.

amicus curiae: Someone that gives advice to the court about the law in a case, but isnt part of the case. Comes from the Latin for "friend of the court."

annulment ("nullity of marriage"): A legal action that says your marriage was never legally valid because of unsound mind, incest, bigamy, being too young to consent, fraud, force, or physical incapacity.

anonymous: When someones name is kept secret.

answer: A statement that a defendant writes to answer a civil complaint and say what defense they will use.

appeal: When someone that loses at least part of a case asks a higher court (called an "appellate court") to review the decision and say if it was right. This is called "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." The person that appeals is called the "appellant." The other person is called the "appellee."

appearance: Going to court. Or a legal paper that says you will participate in the court process.

appellant: Someone that appeals a courts decision. (Compare with appellee.)

appellate: Having to do with appeals. An appellate court can review a lower courts (called a "trial court" or "superior court") decision. For example, California Courts of Appeal review the decisions of the superior courts.

appellate court: A court that can review how the law was used to decide a case in a lower court.

appellee: A person that answers an appeal in higher court.

arbitration: When a person that isnt involved in the case looks at the evidence, hears the arguments, and makes a decision. (Compare with mediation and neutral evaluation.)

arraignment: When a person that is accused of committing a crime is:

arrearage: Child support that is overdue or unpaid. A parent that has arrearages is "in arrears."

arrest: The legal capture of a person that is charged with a crime.

ascertained: Proved to be true.

assault: When someone tries or threatens to hurt you. Can include violence, but is not battery. (See battery.)

assignee: A person or business that is put in the place of the original creditor, such as a collection agency. You can assign your judgment to another person or business.

assignment: Choosing someone to do something. Usually used in:

(1) Cases when the court uses a calendar to give (or "assign") cases to judges;

(2) Lawyers when lawyers are chosen (or "appointed") to represent juveniles, conservatees, or poor defendants; and

(3) Judges when judges are sent (or "assigned") to different courts to fill in while other judges are on vacation, sick, etc., or to help with cases in a court.

assignment of support rights: When a person that gets public assistance (money from the government) agrees to give the state any child support they get in the future. The person gets money and other benefits from the state. So the state can use part of the child support to pay for the cost of that public assistance.

assignment order: A court order (made after a motion) that says a judgment debtor must assign certain rights to the judgment creditor. Useful for payments that the judgment debtor would usually get, like rent from tenants, wages from the federal government, sales commissions, royalties, a businesss accounts receivable, or installment payments on IOUs (also called "promissory notes") or judgments.

at-issue memorandum: A legal paper filed in a civil case that says the case is ready to go to trial. (See memorandum to set.)

attachment: (1) Document attached to court papers to give more information; (2) A way to collect a judgment: by getting a court order that says you can take a piece of property.

attorney: Someone that is qualified to represent clients in court and to give them legal advice. (See counsel and lawyer.)

attorney of record: The lawyer whose name is listed in a case record as representing someone in the case.

audit: When records or accounts are looked at to check that they are right and complete.

automated administrative enforcement of interstate (AEI) cases: Part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) that lets states find, put a lien on, and take property from people in a different state that owe money.

automated voice response (AVR) system: Phone system that gives information to people over the phone.

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| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W |

B

backlog: All the cases that havent been settled or decided in the time the law says they should be.

bail: A security deposit (usually money) given to release a defendant or witness from custody and to make sure that they go to court when theyre supposed to.

bail bond: A legal paper that you buy from a bondsman and give to the court instead of bail. The defendant signs it and is let go. But if they dont come to court when theyre supposed to, they must pay the amount of money on the bail bond.

bail exoneration: When you get your bail back. Or when a bail bondsman or insurance ("surety") company isnt responsible for your bail anymore.

bail forfeiture: A court order to let the court keep the bail deposit because the defendant didnt go to court when they were supposed to.

bail notice: A legal paper from the court that says the court will make a warrant for arrest unless the defendant goes to court or pays bail.

bail receipt: A written statement that the court gives a defendant that says bail was paid.

bail schedule: A list of the amount of bail that is recommended for different charges. In criminal cases, the court decides how much bail a defendant has to pay to be released.

bailiff: A person that is in charge of security in the court. Bailiffs are picked by sheriffs or marshals.

bank levy: Way to enforce a decision against someone that owes money. The money is taken from their checking or savings account at a bank, savings and loan, thrift institution, or credit union.

bankruptcy: The legal way for a business or person to get help when they cant pay the money they owe. In bankruptcy court, they can get rid of debts by paying part of what they owe. There are special bankruptcy judges at these hearings.

bar: All of the lawyers qualified to practice law. For example, a state bar includes all of the lawyers qualified to practice law in that state.

battery: Illegal beating or physical violence or control of a person without their permission. (Compare with assault.)

behavior intervention plan: Plan made by a local educational agency (LEA), as part of the individualized education program (IEP), to change the behavior of students that hurt themselves, assault others, or are destructive.

bench: (1) The desk where a judge sits in court;

(2) Judges in general or a specific judge.

bench trial: Trial without a jury. The judge decides the case.

bench warrant: An order given by the judge (or "bench") to arrest a person. (See warrant, writ.)

best interest of the child: the standard that courts use to decide who will take care of the child. Some of the factors courts look at are: the age of the child, the health of the child, the emotional ties between the parents and the child, the ability of the parents to care for the child, and the child's ties to school, home, and the community.

bifurcation: to separate the legal issues in a case. For example, sometimes spouses or domestic partners cannot agree on all the issues in a divorce and it is holding up the divorce itself. The parties may want to move ahead with ending the marital status or domestic partnership while other issues remain to be resolved. To do this, a party can ask for a bifurcation of marital/partnership status. This means that the court makes a decision on ending your marriage or domestic partnership while other issues remain open and to be decided. Click to learn how to ask for a bifurcation in a divorce or legal separation case.

bind: To make yourself or someone else legally responsible for something.

bind over: A judges decision before a trial that says there is enough evidence for a trial.

blocked account: An account with a financial institution in which money or securities are placed. No person may withdraw funds from a blocked account without the court's permission.

blood test: Testing someones blood sample to:

(1) see how much of a certain chemical is in the blood, or

(2) see who is the parent of a child. (See genetic testing.)

bona fide: Sincere, real, without fraud or deceit. Comes from the Latin for "in good faith."

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Self-Help Glossary - selfhelp - California Courts

The Port Arthur massacre of 2829 April 1996 was a killing spree in which 35 people were killed and 23 wounded. It occurred mainly at the historic Port Arthur former prison colony,[1] a popular tourist site in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia.[2]

Martin Bryant, a 28-year-old from New Town, a suburb of Hobart, was found guilty and given 35 life sentences without possibility of parole.[3] Following the incident, it emerged in the media that Bryant had significant intellectual disabilities. He is now imprisoned in the Wilfred Lopes Centre near the Risdon Prison Complex.[4]

The Port Arthur massacre remains one of the deadliest shootings worldwide committed by a single person. Following the spree, the Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, introduced strict gun control laws within Australia and formulated the National Firearms Programme Implementation Act 1996, restricting the private ownership of high capacity semi-automatic rifles, semi-automatic shotguns and pump-action shotguns as well as introducing uniform firearms licensing. It was implemented with bipartisan support by the Commonwealth, states and territories.[5]

Martin Bryant inherited about $570,000 AUD (300,000 GBP or $450,000 USD) worth of property and other assets from a friend, Helen Harvey, who left her estate to him.[6] He used part of this money to go on many trips around the world from 1993 onwards.[7] Bryant also withdrew many thousands of dollars during this period. He used at least some of this money in late 1993 to purchase an AR-10 semi-automatic rifle through a newspaper advertisement in Tasmania. In March 1996, he had his AR-10 repaired at a gun shop and made enquiries about AR-15 rifles in other gun shops. In April 1995, he also purchased cleaning kits for a .30 calibre weapon and a 12 gauge Daewoo shotgun. He purchased a sports bag and told a shop attendant that it would need to be strong enough to carry large amounts of ammunition. He told his girlfriend, Petra Wilmott, a different story about the purpose of the bag. He also hid the weapons and a large amount of ammunition at his house. At the time of purchase no registration of guns outside of handguns was required in Tasmania.

Bryant's father had tried to purchase a bed and breakfast property called Seascape, but David and Noelene (also known as Sally) Martin bought this property before his father could ready his finances, much to the disappointment of the father who often complained to his son of the "double dealing" the Martins had done to secure the purchase. Bryant offered to buy another property from the Martins at Palmers Lookout Road, but they declined the offer. Bryant apparently believed the Martins had deliberately bought the property to hurt his family and believed this event to be responsible for the depression that led to his father's suicide, which in turn led to their own murders. Bryant described them as "very mean people" and as "the worse [sic] people in my life."[8]

The events of this day were pieced together after investigation by police. The facts were then presented in court on 19 November 1996.[9]

Bryant was awakened at 6:00 am by his alarm clock. His girlfriend and other family members said he had never been known to use it since he did not work and had no other commitments. At 8:00am, his girlfriend left the house to visit her parents. Bryant left the house and switched on the burglar alarm, which registered the time as 9:47am.

Bryant travelled to Forcett Village, arriving some time around 11:00am. He continued down to Port Arthur and was seen driving into Seascape down the Arthur Highway around 11:45am. He stopped at the Seascape guest accommodation site that his father had wanted to purchase, owned by David and Noelene Martin. Bryant went inside and fired several shots, then gagged David Martin and stabbed him. Witnesses testified to different numbers of shots fired at this time. It was stated in court that it was believed that this was the time that Bryant killed the Martins, his first two victims.

A couple stopped at Seascape. Bryant appeared outside. When they asked if they could have a look at the accommodation, Bryant told them that they could not because his parents were away and his girlfriend was inside. His demeanour was described as quite rude and the couple felt uncomfortable. They left at about 12:35pm. Bryant's car was seen reversed up to the front door. It is assumed he unloaded ammunition.[9]

Bryant drove to Port Arthur, taking the keys to the Seascape properties after locking the doors. Bryant stopped at a car which had pulled over from overheating and talked with two people there. He suggested that they come to the Port Arthur caf for some coffee later.[10]

He travelled past the Port Arthur historic site toward a Palmer's Lookout Road property owned by the Martins, where he came across Roger Larner driving out of his driveway. Larner had met him on some occasions more than 15 years before, but did not initially recognise him. Bryant told Larner he had been surfing and had bought a property called Fogg Lodge and was now looking to buy some cattle from Larner. Bryant also made several comments about buying the Martins' place next door. He asked if Marian Larner was home, and asked if he could continue down the driveway of the farm to see her. Larner said OK, but told Bryant he would come also. Bryant changed his mind and left, claiming he was going to return in the afternoon.[citation needed]

At around 1:10pm, Bryant got in line at the toll booth at the entrance to the historic site. Upon getting close to the toll booth, he left the line and moved to the back again. Eventually getting to the front of the line, he claimed someone had almost reversed into him. He paid the entry fee and proceeded to park near the Broad Arrow Caf, near the water's edge. The site security manager told him to park with the other cars because that area was reserved for camper-vans and the car park was very busy that day. Bryant moved his car to another area and sat in his car for a few minutes. He then moved his car back near the water, outside the caf. The security manager saw him go up to the caf carrying a large bag and a video camera, but ignored him.

Bryant went into the caf and purchased a meal, which he ate on the deck outside. He attempted to start conversations with people about the lack of "wasps" in the area and there not being as many Japanese tourists as usual, but he seemed to be mainly mumbling to himself. He appeared nervous and continually looked back to the car-park and into the caf.

Bryant finished his meal, walked into the caf and returned his tray, assisted by some people who opened the door for him. He put his bag down on a table and pulled a Colt AR-15 SP1 Carbine with a Colt scope and one 30-round magazine attached out of the bag. He left the bag which contained, among other things, the knife with which he had stabbed Martin, on the table. It is believed the magazine was partially emptied from the shootings at Seascape.

The caf was very small, with the tables very close together. It was busy that day as people waited for the next ferry. The events happened extremely quickly. Bryant took aim from his hip and pointed his rifle at Moh Yee (William) Ng and Sou Leng Chung, who were visiting from Malaysia,[11] who were at a table beside Bryant. He shot them at close range, killing both instantly. Bryant then fired a shot at Mick Sargent, grazing his scalp and knocking him to the floor.[11] He fired a fourth shot that killed Sargent's girlfriend, 21-year-old Kate Elizabeth Scott, by hitting her in the back of the head.[11]

A 28-year-old New Zealand winemaker, Jason Winter, had been helping the busy caf staff.[11] As Bryant turned towards Winter's wife Joanne and their 15-month-old son Mitchell, Winter threw a serving tray at Bryant in an attempt to distract him. Joanne Winter's father pushed his daughter and grandson to the floor and under the table.[12]

44-year-old Anthony Nightingale stood up after the sound of the first shots, but had no time to move. Nightingale yelled "No, not here!" as Bryant pointed the weapon at him.[11] As Nightingale leaned forward, he was fatally shot through the neck and spine.[11]

The next table had held a group of ten friends,[11] but some had just left the table to return their meal trays and visit the gift shop. Bryant fired one shot that killed Kevin Vincent Sharp, 68.[11] The second hit Walter Bennett, passed through his body and struck Raymond John Sharp, 67, Kevin Sharp's brother, killing both.[11] The three had their backs towards Bryant, and were unaware what was happening. They at first believed someone was letting off firecrackers. One of them made the comment "That's not funny" after hearing the first few shots, not realising that they were real. The shots were all close range, with the gun at, or just inches away from, the back of their heads. Gerald Broome, Gaye Fidler and her husband John, were all struck by bullet fragments, but survived.[11]

Bryant then turned towards Tony and Sarah Kistan and Andrew Mills.[11] Both men stood up at the noise of the initial shots, but had no time to move away. Andrew Mills was shot in the head. Tony Kistan was also shot from about two metres away, also in the head, but had managed to push his wife away prior to being shot. Sarah Kistan was apparently not seen by Bryant, as she was under the table by that time.

Thelma Walker and Pamela Law were injured by fragments before being dragged to the ground by their friend, Peter Crosswell, as the three sheltered underneath the table.[11] Also injured by fragments from these shots was Patricia Barker.[11]

It was only then that the majority of the people in the caf began to realise what was happening and that the shots were not from a reenactment at the historical site. At this point, there was great confusion, with many people not knowing what to do, as Bryant was near the main exit.

Bryant moved just a few metres and began shooting at the table where Graham Colyer, Carolyn Loughton and her daughter Sarah were seated. Colyer was injured in the jaw, nearly choking to death on his own blood.[11] Sarah Loughton ran towards her mother, who had been moving between tables. Carolyn Loughton threw herself on top of her daughter.[11] Bryant shot Carolyn Loughton in the back; her eardrum was ruptured by the muzzle blast from the gun going off beside her ear.[11] She survived her injuries, but learned after she came out of surgery that, despite her efforts, Sarah had been fatally shot in the head.[11]

Bryant pivoted around and shot Mervyn Howard who was seated.[11] The bullet passed through him, through a window of the caf, and hit a table on the outside balcony.[11] Bryant quickly followed up with a shot to the neck of Mervyn Howard's wife, Mary.[11] Bryant then leaned over a vacant baby stroller and pointed the gun at her head and shot her a second time.[11] Both of the Howards' injuries were fatal.[11] Several people outside then realised there was real danger and began to run away.

Bryant was near the exit, preventing others from attempting to run past him and escape. Bryant moved across the cafe towards the gift shop area. There was an exit door through the display area to the outside balcony, but it was locked and could only be opened with a key. As Bryant moved, Robert Elliott stood up.[12] He was shot in the arm and head, left slumping against the fireplace but alive.[12]

All of these events, from the first bullet that killed Ng, took approximately 1530 seconds, during which twelve people were killed and ten more wounded.[11]

Bryant moved toward the gift shop area, giving many people time to hide under tables and behind shop displays. He fatally shot the two local women who worked in the gift shop, 17-year-old Nicole Burgess in the head, and 26-year-old Elizabeth Howard in the arm and chest.[12]

Coralee Lever and Vera Jary hid behind a hessian screen with others.[12] Lever's husband Dennis was shot in the head and died.[12] Pauline Masters, Vera Jary's husband Ron, and Peter and Carolyn Nash had attempted to escape through a locked door but could not.[12] Peter Nash lay down on top of his wife to hide her from Bryant.[12] Bryant moved into the gift shop area where people, trapped with nowhere to go, were crouched down in the corners.[12] Gwen Neander, trying to escape through the door, was shot in the head and killed.[12]

Bryant saw movement in the caf and moved near the front door. He shot at a table and hit Peter Crosswell, who was hiding under it, in the buttock.[12] Jason Winter, hiding in the gift shop, thought Bryant had left the building and made some comment about it to people near him before moving out into the open. Bryant saw him, with Winter stating "No, no" just prior to being shot, the bullet hitting his hand, neck and chest.[12] A second shot to the head proved fatal to Winter.[12] Fragments from those shots struck American tourist Dennis Olson, who had been hiding with his wife Mary and Winter.[12] Dennis Olson suffered fragment injuries to his hand, scalp, eye and chest, but survived.[12]

It is not clear what happened next, although at some point, Bryant reloaded his weapon. Bryant walked back to the caf and then returned to the gift shop, this time looking down to another corner of the shop where he found several people hiding in the corner, trapped. He walked up to them and shot Ronald Jary through the neck, then Peter Nash and Pauline Masters, killing all three.[12] He did not see Carolyn Nash, who was lying under her husband.[12] Bryant aimed his gun at an unidentified Asian man,[13] but the rifle's magazine was empty.[12] Bryant then quickly moved to the gift shop counter, where he reloaded his rifle, leaving an empty magazine on the service counter, and left the building.[12]

Twenty-nine rounds had been fired in the caf and gift shop areas in approximately 90120 seconds[citation needed]. Up to this time, Bryant had killed 20 people and injured 12.

During the caf shooting, some staff members had been able to escape through the kitchen and alert people outside. There were a number of coaches outside with lines of people, many of whom began to hide in the buses or in nearby buildings. Others did not understand the situation or were not sure where to go. Some people believed there was some sort of historical reenactment happening, and moved towards the area.

Ashley John Law, a site employee, was moving people away from the caf into the information centre when Bryant fired at him from 50100 metres (50110 yards) away. The bullets missed Law and hit some trees nearby.

Bryant then moved towards the coaches. One of the coach drivers, Royce Thompson, was shot in the back as he was moving along the passengers' side of a coach.[12] He fell to the ground and was able to crawl, then roll under the bus to safety, but he later died of his wounds.[12] Brigid Cook was trying to guide a number of people down between the buses and along the jetty area to cover. She had only been informed of what was happening and was worried that she was making a fool of herself in overreacting[citation needed]. Bryant then moved to the front of this bus and walked across to the next coach. People had quickly moved from this coach towards the back end, in an attempt to seek cover. As Bryant walked around it, he saw people scrambling to hide and shot at them. Brigid Cook was shot in the right thigh, causing the bone to fragment, the bullet lodging there.[12] A coach driver, Ian McElwee, was hit by fragments of Miss Cook's bone. Both were able to escape and survived.

Bryant then quickly moved around another coach and fired at another group of people. Winifred Aplin, running to get to cover behind another coach, was fatally shot in the side.[12] Another bullet grazed Yvonne Lockley's cheek, but she was able to enter one of the coaches to hide, and survived.[12]

Some people then started moving away from the car park towards the jetty. But someone shouted that Bryant was heading that way, so they tried to double back around the coaches to where Brigid Cook had been shot. Bryant doubled back to where Janet and Neville Quin, who owned a wildlife park on the east coast of Tasmania, were beginning to move toward Mason Cove and away from the buses.[12] Bryant shot Janet Quin in the back, where she fell, unable to move, near Royce Thompson.[12]

Bryant then continued along the car park as people tried to escape along the shore. Doug Hutchinson was attempting to get into a coach when he was shot in the arm.[12] He quickly ran around the front of the coach, and then along the shore to the jetty and hid.

Bryant then went to his vehicle, which was just past the coaches, and changed weapons to the FN FAL.[12] He fired at Denise Cromer, who was near the penitentiary ruins. Gravel flew up in front of her, as the bullets hit the ground. Bryant then got in his car and sat there for a few moments before getting out again and going back to the coaches. Some people were taking cover behind cars in the car park, but because of the elevation, Bryant could see them and the cars did not provide much cover. When they realised Bryant had seen them, they ran into the bush. He fired several shots. At least one hit a tree behind which someone was taking cover, but no one was hit.

Bryant moved back to the buses where Janet Quin lay injured from the earlier shot. Bryant shot her in the back, then left; she later died from her wounds.[12] Bryant then went onto one of the coaches and fired a shot at Elva Gaylard who was hiding, hitting her in the arm and chest and killing her.[12] At an adjacent coach, Gordon Francis saw what happened and moved down the aisle to try to shut the door of the coach he was on.[12] He was seen by Bryant and shot from the opposite coach. He survived, but needed four major operations.[12]

Neville Quin, husband of Janet, had escaped to the jetty area, but returned to look for his wife. He had been forced to leave her earlier after Bryant shot her. Bryant exited the coach and, spotting Quin, chased him around the coaches. Bryant fired at him at least twice before Quin ran onto a coach. Bryant entered the coach and pointed the gun at Neville Quin's face, saying, "No one gets away from me".[12] Mr Quin ducked when he realised Bryant was about to pull the trigger. The bullet missed his head but hit his neck, momentarily paralysing him.[12] After Bryant left, Quin managed to find his wife, although she later died in his arms.[12] Neville Quin was eventually taken away by helicopter and survived.

Bryant fired at James Balasko, an American citizen, hitting a nearby car. Balasko had been attempting to film the shooter. Many people, unable to use their parked cars, were hiding or running along Jetty Road and did not know where Bryant was because the gunfire was extremely loud and difficult to pinpoint. It was not clear that Bryant was mobile, nor was it even clear from which direction the shots were coming.

At this time, Bryant had killed 24 people and injured 18.

Bryant then got back into his car and left the car park. Witnesses say he was sounding the horn and waving, others say he was also firing. Bryant drove along Jetty Road towards the toll booth where a number of people were running away. Bryant passed by at least two people.

Ahead of him were Nanette Mikac and her children, Madeline, 3, and Alannah, 6.[14] Nanette was carrying Madeline, and Alannah was running slightly ahead. By this point, they had run approximately 600 metres (660yd) from the car park.[14] Bryant opened his door and slowed down. Mikac moved towards the car, apparently thinking he was offering them help in escaping. Several more people witnessed this from further down the road. Someone then recognised him as the gunman and yelled out "It's him!"[14] Bryant stepped out of the car, put his hand on Nanette Mikac's shoulder and told her to get on her knees.[14] She did so, saying, "Please don't hurt my babies".[14] Bryant shot her in the temple, killing her, before firing a shot at Madeline, which hit her in the shoulder, before shooting her fatally through the chest.[14] Bryant shot twice at Alannah, as she ran behind the tree, missing.[14] He then walked up, pressed the barrel of the gun into her neck and fired, killing her instantly.[14]

Bryant fired at some people hiding in a bush, but missed. Having seen the murders of the children, some people further up the road began running. They told drivers of cars coming down the road to go back. The people thought Bryant would head up the road, so instead they proceeded on foot down a dirt side road and hid in the bush. The cars reversed up the road to the toll booth.

Bryant drove up to the toll booth, where there were several vehicles, and blocked a BMW owned by Mary Rose Nixon.[14] Inside were Nixon, driver Russell James Pollard and passengers Helene and Robert Graham Salzmann.[14] An argument with Robert Salzmann ensued, and Bryant took out the FAL and shot Salzmann at point-blank range, killing him.[14] Pollard emerged from the BMW and went towards Bryant, who shot him in the chest, killing him.[14] More cars then arrived, but seeing this, the drivers were quickly able to reverse back up the road. Bryant then moved to the BMW and pulled Nixon and Helene Salzmann from the car and shot them dead, dragging their bodies onto the road.[14] Bryant transferred ammunition, handcuffs, the AR-15 rifle and a fuel container to the BMW. Mary Nixon, Russell Pollard, Helene Salzmann and Graham Salzmann, are the people Bryant was charged with killing at the toll booth.[15]

Another car then came towards the toll booth and Bryant shot at it.[14] The driver, Graham Sutherland, was hit with glass. A second bullet hit the driver's door. Sutherland quickly reversed back up the road and left. Bryant then got into the BMW, leaving behind his Volvo, including his Daewoo shotgun and hundreds of rounds of ammunition.

Bryant had killed 31 and injured 19.

Graham Sutherland, who had just been shot at in his car, reversed back up the road and drove to the service station close by, where he tried to inform people what was happening. Bryant drove up to the service station and cut off a white Toyota Corolla that was attempting to exit onto the highway. Glenn Pears was driving, with girlfriend Zoe Hall in the passenger seat.[14] Bryant quickly exited the car with his rifle in hand and tried to pull Hall from the car. Pears got out of the car and approached Bryant. Bryant pointed the gun at Pears and pushed him backwards, eventually directing him into the now open boot of the BMW, locking Pears inside.[14]

Bryant then moved back to the passenger side of the Corolla as Hall attempted to climb over to the driver's seat.[14] Bryant raised his rifle and fired three shots, killing her.[14] Many people around the service station saw this and ran to hide in nearby bushland. The service station attendant told everyone to lie down and he locked the main doors. He grabbed his rifle, but by the time he could retrieve some ammunition and load his gun, Bryant was back in the BMW and gone. A police officer arrived several minutes later and then set out in pursuit of Bryant.

Zoe Hall was the 32nd victim killed.

As Bryant drove down to Seascape, he shot at a red Ford Falcon coming the other way, smashing its front windscreen.[14] Upon arriving at Seascape, he got out of his car. A Holden Frontera 4WD vehicle then approached Seascape along the road. Those in the vehicle saw Bryant with his gun, but believed him to be rabbit hunting and actually slowed down as they passed him. Bryant fired into the car; the first bullet hit the bonnet and broke the throttle cable.[14] He fired at least twice more into the car as it passed, breaking the windows. One bullet hit the driver, Linda White, in the arm.[14] The car was going downhill so it was able to roll down the road out of sight around a corner. White swapped seats with her boyfriend, Michael Wanders, who attempted to drive the car, but was unable to, because of the broken throttle cable.[14]

Another vehicle then drove down the road, carrying four people. It was not until they were almost adjacent to Bryant that they realised he was carrying a gun. Bryant shot at the car, smashing the windscreen. Douglas Horner was wounded by pieces of the windscreen.[14] The car proceeded ahead where White and Wanders tried to get in, but Horner did not realise the situation and drove on. When they saw that White had been shot, they came back and picked them up. Both parties then continued down to a local establishment called the Fox and Hound, where they called police.[14]

Yet another car drove past and Bryant shot at it, hitting the passenger, Susan Williams, in the hand.[14] The driver, Simon Williams, was struck by fragments.[14] The driver of another approaching vehicle saw this and reversed back up the road. Bryant also fired at this car, hitting it but not injuring anyone. Bryant then got back into the BMW and drove down the Seascape driveway to the house.

Sometime after he stopped, Bryant removed Pears from the boot and handcuffed him to a stair rail within the house.[14] At some point, he also set the BMW on fire with fuel.[14] He is believed to have arrived at the house by about 2:00p.m.

The only two police officers stationed on the peninsula (at Nubeena and Dunalley) were attending a fake emergency call at Saltwater River when they received a radio message at 1:32p.m. to attend Port Arthur and be on the look out for a yellow Volvo. They headed to Port Arthur in different cars and taking different routes. On the way, they were informed to look for a BMW and eventually they were informed of people at the Fox and Hound who had been shot.

One police officer then drove down the road past Seascape and past the disabled car of Linda White. He looked at it for a moment and continued down to the Fox and Hound. After he informed his partner, they proceeded back to Seascape. At about 2:00p.m., they were back at Seascape and could see the BMW on fire. At some point, they were fired upon, and eventually had to hide in a ditch at the side of the road. Bryant fired at them whenever they tried to escape, and they were not able to move from that position for many hours.

At around 2:10p.m., Bryant received a call from a woman from the ABC who had been ringing local businesses randomly trying to receive information about what was occurring. Bryant informed her his name was Jamie, and when she asked what was happening he replied "Lots of fun". Bryant then told her that if she phoned him again, he would shoot Glenn Pears.

At about 3:00p.m., shortly after forcing the police officers to take cover in the ditch, Bryant rang the local police station. The girlfriend of one of the police officers answered the phone. Bryant asked who she was and if she knew where her husband was. He again called himself Jamie. He asked if she knew whether or not her husband was okay, and when she did not answer, Bryant then told her he was okay and that he knew where her husband was.

Around 9:00p.m. a team from the Special Operations Group had arrived and were eventually able to assist in extracting the policemen from the ditch to safety under cover of darkness, riot shields and bulletproof jackets. They did not provide cover fire for fear of hitting hostages.

An 18-hour standoff ensued during which time the police talked over the phone to Bryant, still calling himself Jamie. He requested a helicopter, saying that he wanted to be flown to a plane and then onto Adelaide, South Australia. He said that if the helicopter arrived, he would release Pears and only keep Noelene Martin. Bryant could see the movements of SOG officers, and continually demanded their retreat each time they began to approach the house. As he appeared to have excellent awareness of the events unfurling around him, despite the pitch black of night, the police believed he had some kind of visual aid device; none was ever found, however. A man was spotted on the roof of an adjacent building at one point, believed to be Bryant. Later in the night, the cordless phone Bryant was using began to run low on batteries. Police tried unsuccessfully to get him to return the phone to the charger, but it went dead and there were no further communications.

Bryant was captured the following morning, when a fire started in the guest house, presumably set by Bryant. Bryant taunted police to "come and get him", but the police, believing the hostage was already dead, decided that the fire would eventually bring Bryant out. A large amount of ammunition had also ignited[citation needed] and was exploding sporadically as the house burned. Bryant eventually ran out of the house with his clothes on fire and tore off his burning clothes. He was arrested by the police, and taken to hospital for treatment.

It was found that Glenn Pears had been shot dead during or before the standoff and had died before the fire. The remains of the Martins were also found. It was also determined they had been shot, and that Noelene Martin had suffered blunt-force trauma. They both died before the fire; witness accounts of the gunfire, as presented to the Supreme Court of Tasmania, place the time of death of David and Noelene Martin as being approximately noon on 28 April. One weapon was found burnt in the house, and the other on the roof of the adjacent building where police believed they had seen Bryant the night before. Both weapons had suffered from massive chamber blast pressure, possibly from the heat of the house fire.

The following is a list of those killed in the Port Arthur massacre.[15]

Bryant was held in Royal Hobart Hospital under heavy police guard while awaiting trial. According to a police officer tasked with guarding him, at least two would-be vigilantes made unsuccessful applications to hospital security staff in an attempt to exact revenge.[16]

In his police interview, Bryant admitted to having carjacked the BMW, but claimed it only had three occupants and denied shooting any person. He also claimed he did not take the BMW from the vicinity of the toll booth and that his hostage was taken from the BMW. He said that he thought the man he took hostage must have died in the boot when the car exploded. He did not distinguish between the car fire and the later house fire. He also denied visiting Port Arthur on that day, despite vague identification by several people,[citation needed] including the toll attendant, of a man matching a similar description being at the diner. Such discrepancies indicate that Bryant was either lying during the police interview or was mentally incapable of recalling events accurately. Bryant also claimed that the guns found by police were not his, but admitted to owning the shotgun that was found with his passport back in his own car near the toll booth.

Initially Bryant pleaded not guilty to the 35 murders and did not provide a confession. However, Bryant changed his plea to guilty for a court hearing on 19 November 1996, where he was found guilty of all charges. The judge then ordered that all evidence for the case be sealed.

On 22 November, Bryant was sentenced to 35 sentences of life imprisonment plus 1,035 years (as a cumulative penalty for various charges including murder, attempted murder and grievous bodily harm for shooting at, and injuring, numerous people) in Hobart's Risdon Prison where he remains in solitary confinement and, apart from immediate family, is not permitted to have any visitors.[17] His prison papers indicate that he is never to be released. He continues to serve his term without possibility of parole. This is very rare in Australia, where the majority of murder sentences allow for the possibility of parole after a long prison term.

Australians reacted to the event with widespread shock and horror, and the political effects were significant and long-lasting. The federal government led state governments, some of which (notably Tasmania itself and Queensland) were opposed to new gun laws, to severely restrict the availability of firearms. While surveys showed up to 85% of Australians 'supported gun control',[citation needed] many people strongly opposed the new laws. Concern was raised within the Coalition Government that fringe groups such as the 'Ausi Freedom Scouts',[18] the Australian League of Rights and the Citizen Initiated Referendum Party, were exploiting voter anger to gain support. After discovering that the Christian Coalition and US National Rifle Association were supporting the gun lobby, the government and media cited their support, along with the moral outrage of the community to discredit the gun lobby as extremists.[19]

Under federal government co-ordination, all states and territories of Australia heavily restricted the legal ownership and use of self-loading rifles, self-loading shotguns, and heavily tightened controls on their legal use by recreational shooters. The government initiated a "buy-back" scheme with the owners paid according to a table of valuations. Some 643,000 firearms were handed in at a cost of $350 million which was funded by a temporary increase in the Medicare levy which raised $500 million.[20] Media, activists, politicians and some family members of victims, notably Walter Mikac (who lost his wife and two children), spoke out in favour of the changes.

Much discussion has occurred as to the level of Bryant's mental health. It is generally accepted that he has a subnormal IQ (estimated at 66, and in the lowest 2% of his age group[21]) and at the time of the offences was in receipt of a Disability Support Pension on the basis of being mentally handicapped. Reports that he was schizophrenic were based on his mother's misinterpretation of psychiatric advice; Bryant had never been diagnosed with schizophrenia, nor any major depressive disorder.[citation needed] Media reports also detailed his odd behaviour as a child. However, he was able to drive a car and obtain a gun, despite lacking a gun licence or a driver's licence.[22][23][24] This was a matter which, in the public debate that followed, was widely regarded as a telling demonstration of the inadequacy of the nation's gun laws.

Bryant was assessed as fit to stand trial as a mentally competent adult.[citation needed] There were no indications that he could be regarded as criminally insane at the time of the offences; as he clearly knew what he was doing. See the M'Naghten rules for more information.

After Bryant's imprisonment, several other prisoners boasted of their intention to murder him in jail. For his own safety, Bryant was held in near-solitary confinement in a specially built cell from his sentencing in November 1996 until July 1997.

His motivation for the massacre remains a closely guarded secret,[23][24] known only to his lawyer, who is bound not to reveal confidences without his client's consent. The lawyer later released a book outlining that Bryant was motivated largely by the media reports of the then-recent Dunblane school massacre. From the moment he was captured, he continually wanted to know how many people he had killed and seemed impressed by the number. Bryant is only allowed to listen to music on a radio outside his cell, and is denied access to any news reports of his massacre. Photographers allowed in to take pictures of him in his prison cell were forced to destroy the film in his presence when the Governor found out.[25]

The Port Arthur tourist site reopened a few weeks later, and since then a new restaurant has been built. The former Broad Arrow Caf structure is now a "place for quiet reflection", with a monument and memorial garden dedicated at the site in April 2000.[26]

The massacre at Port Arthur created a kinship with the Scottish town of Dunblane, which had suffered a similar event, the Dunblane school massacre, only weeks previously. The two communities exchanged items to place at their respective memorials.

Paul Mullen, a forensic psychiatrist with extensive involvement following the string of massacres in Australia and New Zealand, attributes both the Port Arthur massacre and some of the earlier massacres to the copycat effect.[27] In this theory the saturation media coverage provides both instruction and perverse incentives for dysfunctional individuals to imitate previous crimes. In Tasmania, a coroner found that a report on the current affairs programme A Current Affair, a few months earlier had guided one suicide, and may have helped create the expectation of a massacre.[28][29] The coverage of the Dunblane massacre, in particular the attention on the perpetrator, is thought to have provided the trigger for Bryant to act.[30]

A substantial community fund was given for the victims of the Port Arthur massacre. The murder of Nanette Mikac and her daughters Alannah and Madeline inspired Dr Phil West of Melbourne, who had two girls similar in age to the murdered children, to set up a foundation in their memory. The Alannah and Madeline Foundation supports child victims of violence and runs a national anti-bullying programme.[31] It was launched by the Prime Minister on the first anniversary of the massacre.

In 2007, Tasmanian playwright Tom Holloway dealt with the massacre in his play Beyond the Neck.[32] Tasmanian composer Matthew Dewey also deals with these issues in his first symphony.[33][34]

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I believe and trust absolutely in existence. If there is any truth in what I am saying, it will survive. I will remain a source of inspiration. I want people to know themselves, not to be according to someone else, and the way is meditation. Osho

Osho International Foundationlooks back onto a record breaking year 2015 with 484newlysigned publishing agreements, more than one license for every day of the year, an impressive resultand especially remarkable in times which are difficult for publishers in a dramatically changinglandscape in the international publishing world.

At multiple internationalBook Fairs in New York, London, Frankfurt, Bologna, Rio, Seoul and others, representatives of the Foundationhadopportunities to meet with many of Osho Internationals publishers and literary agentswhoshared that books by Osho continue to be and grow in demand, especially with a new and young reader generation, including also celebrities like Willow and Jaden Smith or British actress Emma Watson.

During 2015 licenses in 42different languages have been signed or renewed and works byOsho are now available in more than60 languages around the globe with more than 200 publishing houses, including Penguin Random House in several countries and St. Martins Press/Macmillan in New York.Just in Spanish language alone Osho books are published by13 different Spanish language publishing houses. Burmese was the latest new language joining the growing Osho International language list.

During 2015 the number of Osho books published in Turkey grew to 101, in Russia currently 156 Osho titles are in print, topped by Italian and Spanish editions with more than 200 individual books available in the market.Spanish literary agent Luis Martin Santos, representingthe foundations titles to Spanish language publishers has moved Osho in 2015 significantly into the digital domain with growing numbers of eBooks, a license for Osho Talks to a Spanish Television channel and multiple OSHO Collections, series of books published and distributed by national newspapers in South America.

A generational change of editors in many international publishing houses shows that Osho is well known to a younger generation which embracesOshos rebellious spirit and spiritually provocative philosophy. Many editores shared that in these times of crisis and uncertainty Osho is a very appreciated author with a life affirmative message, something appreciated by everybody, young and old.

It becomes increasingly apparent that Oshos books have a miraculous influence in Russia, inspiring people to make profound changes in their own lives and attitudes. Peter Lisovsky, Publisher, VES PUBLISHING HOUSE, St. Petersburg

The more than 120meetings during the year 2015 turned into a record number of publishing agreements. Most publishers expressed their interest to increase the number of Osho titles in their programs. Oshos books are long term sellers and have record re-print editions.

Osho who is know all over the world for his introduction of active meditations, especially his OSHO Dynamic Meditation, has also a perhaps not so much knowpolitical and socially revolutionary aspect to his work which surprised many agents, publishers and editors when we presented two new books for 2016 which were emphaticallyembraced.

The expansion of Oshos work into the digital and social media world has been dramatic in 2015. OSHO Facebook pages have more than 4.5 millions Osho fans in multiple languages and individual postings can reach more than 2 million people in no time. Video views on Osho Internationals YouTube channel increased by 66% in 2015 and we sawa large expansion in sales of eBooks by Osho.

A licensing deal with Amazon owned audiobook company Audible.com brings now Oshos original talks to millions of new people through theire web site and as well to iTunes.

For us here at Osho International it is simply fascinating to see how 25 years after Oshos departure his books, videos, and audios are in higher demand and more popular and more available than ever during his lifetime. Today these books meet a more and more understanding readership and audiences, as he had predicted.OSHOAuthor Page at Amazon.com.

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