Please enjoy this repost of one of my most popular essays (originally written in 2005):

For many people, the main appeal of George Lucas Star Wars movies is the Jedi Way, the philosophy/religion that guides the mystical Jedi knights. But where does this philosophy come from, and does it hold up under scrutiny?

At root, the Jedi Way is a synthesis of three Eastern religions or philosophies, with an overlay of courtly behavior drawn from the medieval knights of Europe.

The most important source for the Jedi Way is Taoism, an ancient Chinese philosophy whose name is generally translated as the Way or as the Way of Nature. The two main goals of Taoism are to achieve balance and to exist in harmony with nature (and with all living beings). There is no deity as such in Taoism, which conceptualizes ultimate reality as a primal energy. This energy is expressed in the world in the form of two equal and opposing forces, the yin or passive female force, and the yang or active male force. These forces are neither good nor evil, and what is desirable is that they be in balance at all times.

The tension between yin and yang creates qi (pronounced chee and sometimes transliterated as chi) or life energy. Qi is found in all things, but particularly living creatures. The manipulation of qi is at the root of many traditional Chinese practices including acupuncture, feng shui and tai chi. According to legend, command of qi flow (as practiced by qigong masters) brings many mystical powers similar to those of the Jedi, such as the ability to move objects with the mind. In the movies, the name of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jin is probably a deliberate reference to qi gong.

(Since Taoism is more of a philosophy than a religion, it is often combined together with religious beliefs from other traditions, such as Buddhism or Christianity.)

The second major source of the Jedi Way is Buddhism, specifically Zen, a variant found largely in Japan. As with most forms of Buddhism, Zen preaches non-attachment, the letting go of emotional bonds to people, places and things. The ultimate goal is to reach a selfless state of dispassionate compassion for all living things. Like the Jedi knights, Buddhist monks are ascetic and celibate. Zen monks are known, at least in the popular imagination, for developing a particular ability or craft to the point where it can be practiced with no conscious effort and nearly superhuman skill.

The third major source for the Jedi worldview is Zoroastrianism, an ancient Persian religion which viewed the world as an eternal battlefield between the forces of good and evil. Although Zoroastrianism has only small pockets of practitioners left in the modern world, it was a major influence on many other philosophies and religions. Echoes of it are present in many places, including the way many modern Christians conceptualize the devil as a force opposite and nearly equal to God.

Finally, the Jedi philosophy is overlaid with a code of chivalry based on that practiced by the medieval knights of Europe, who operated by a code of ethics including strict rules for combat, high standards of courtesy, warrior virtues such as honor, loyalty and bravery and a veneration of courtly love. The knightly facet of the Jedi is exemplified in the movies by their preference for the elegant light sabers as opposed to the barbaric blasters.

The remarkable synthesis Lucas achieved in placing together these disparate elements has proved compelling for more than one generation of viewers. However, as a workable philosophy it has major flaws.

The first and most subtle of these is the conflict between Taoism and Buddhism. Although often linked in real life, Taoism and Buddhism do not always line up. In the first chapter of the Tao Te Ching (the chief text of Taoism) it says let go of desires in order to observe the source, but allow yourself desires in order to observe the manifestations. This indicates that both attachment and nonattachment are seen as having value in Taoism, as opposed to Buddhism. In addition, the Buddhist seeks to transcend the world and earthly existence, whereas the Taoist seeks to be fully integrated into the world as a part of nature and natural existence. In the movies, this becomes an issue in the way that the Jedi Council is aloof and independent from politics, yet simultaneously also deeply involved in the galactic political landscape.

The second conflict is between Taoism and Zoroastrianism. There is no good and evil in Taoism, only balance and imbalance. Neither Yin nor Yang is preferable, and both are necessary, as apposed to Zoroastrianism, where the ultimate goal is the triumph of good and the eradication of evil. This disconnect shows up as a major plot point in the second series of movies (I, II & III), where the prophecy of balance in the Force may possibly mean the rise of evil.

The third conflict is between Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. Again, the concept of a fight between good and evil is somewhat alien to Buddhism. A fallen Buddhist would not be an equal and opposite force to a good Buddhist, but simply someone who had become too caught up in the illusions and the material temptations of the ordinary world. A person of this sort might be cruel, venal and selfish, but would not be expected to have any particular spiritual power. This creates a paradox in the movies, in that the Jedi draw power from controlling their emotions, but the Sith draw power from their inability to control their emotions. In addition it creates another instance of cognitive dissonance as the wise and dispassionate Jedi choose over and over again to resolve their problems through violence.

The final conflict is between Buddhism and chivalry. Buddhism preaches non-attachment, but one of the key characteristics of the medieval knights was passionate attachment. Loyalty to ones lord and to ones comrades-in-arms was among the highest virtues, and a courtly, romantic (and theoretically chaste) love between a knight and his lady was celebrated as an ideal. Also, in as much as chivalry stems from Christianity, it carries the idea of love as a powerful redemptive force.

This disconnect creates some of the most powerful paradoxes in the movies. In the first series (IV, V & VI) Yoda and Obi-Wan counsel control of emotions, and warn Luke against the dangers of his affection for his friends, and his unreasonable love for his father. Yet it is Lukes decision to ignore this seemingly wise advice that provides most of the high points of the first series. In the end, Luke is proven right when his ill-advised love for his father finally uncovers the good left in Darth Vader, and brings about the final end to the Sith. Therefore, love is ultimately shown to be even more powerful than the light side of the Force (which failed to conquer its counterpart in all five chronologically previous movies).

Conversely, the second series suffers from taking its doctrine of non-attachment too seriously. The Jedi Council consequently comes across as cold and uncaring a fact which drives Anakin into the more hot-blooded arms of the Dark Side. In addition, this set of movies is in the strange position of positing love as the enemy. Although Anakin clearly has psychotic tendencies, the movie insists on blaming his moments of indiscriminate slaughter on his love for his mother and his wife. Even Obi-Wans platonic love for his padawan does nothing except cloud his judgment.

It is this too-fully-realized disdain for emotion that, more than anything else, makes the second series inferior to the first.

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Jedi Philosophy The Pop Culture Philosopher

We all know that diet and exercise are the most important factors to be healthy and in good shape.

But if that result is not appealing enough, here is another benefit: eating healthy and exercising are also a form of heart disease prevention.

Diet and exercise are the perfect match for heart disease prevention

I was reading a magazine recently, that stated something like: "To keep the heart in good health we need to focus on increasing the energy consumption by doing healthy physical activity, besides eating the right foods, but there is an idea of physical activity that is similar to that of drug therapy, which is mistakenly considered more documented. Physical activity, however, if conducted on a regular basis, is like a medicine".

The same magazine was saying that with 30 min of physical activity a day we can highly reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Walking, which is the easiest physical activity, provides the following benefits, assuming that you do it for at least 30 to 60 minutes, 3 to 5 times a week:

All this thanks to the ability of heart and lungs to use oxygen to produce energy, and to remove it from the blood by making organs work more and with less effort.

Don't just do-it-yourself though, don't start running/biking/swimming like crazy out of the blue.

It is important to do a medical examination before you start your diet and exercise. Always stop if you experience sharp pain or tightness in the chest, stomach pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, tachycardia, excessive fatigue or severe headache.

These are usually signs that something is not right and you shouldn't push your body that far.

When it comes to heart disease prevention, one of the best things we can do is follow a healthy diet to keep our blood levels, especially cholesterol levels, within the healthy range.

Those who practice sport should follow a balanced diet, but it also needs to be proportionate to the sport they play. It's not healthy to eat too much, but it's also not recommended to run out of energy.

Try to calculate your caloric needs based on gender, age, intensity and duration of physical activity

Remember that you need proteins for the muscles (to develop them and to repair the damaged fibers).

Carbohydrates are the source of energy in the first phase of physical activity, while fat is the reserve of energy used for aerobic activities of long duration.

As diet and exercise have to work together for heart disease prevention, the question comes natural: which foods should I eat when I do sports or physical activity?

If you're training your strenght and you are doing weight lifting to build muscle, then you need a high protein intake to promote muscle growth. This article that I was reading suggested a 55-25-20 diet type (55% carbs, 25% protein, 20% fat).

Honestly, I think a 40-40-20 diet works best, at least for me. If you tend to gain weight easily, definitely go for a 40-40-20.

For other sports that require speed and sprints like athletics, biking, swim race, ski race, long jump etc. it's important to have lots of energy, which translates into higher carbs intake in your diet.

Carbs provide quick and long-lasting energy, therefore the best diet for these kinds of sport is a 60-20-20 balance.

The last type of physical activity is resistance. For sports like long distance running, biking, swimming, cross country ski, you need more carbs and fats to guarantee lots of energy reserve, and low-fat protein foods like milk, yogurt, lean meat, ham, eggs, fish and legumes.

The balance of this type of diet should be 50-15-25

The final step of this diet and exercise guideline is about drinking. What and how much should we drink?

Water is the essential drink for pre and post workout or exercise, but not during exercise.

This may sound shocking to you, but here is the reason: drinking during exercise increases sweating (with possible further loss of minerals) and it may cause cramps, muscle fatigue and lower muscle response.

So what to do when you're at gym sweating like crazy, craving a glass of water?

Well, I don't care if I sweat (you know, showers are fortunately available!). Actually I am lucky, I don't sweat at all, maybe because they keep the temperature quite low at the gym where I go...but anyways...I like to have my bottle when I work out.

I don't drink plane water, I mix it with something called Xtend, which contains minerals and glutamine, very useful to recover fast during exercise.

Another good advice is to drink vitamin C, like orange juices (made from real oranges) to increase immune system, always at risk for who practices sport activity. In fact breathing with your mouth wide open increases the chances to catch viruses and germs.

Return from Diet and Exercise to Diet Types

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Originally posted here:
Diet and Exercise for Heart Disease Prevention

The CRON-diet (Calorie Restriction with Optimal Nutrition)[1] is a nutrient-rich, reduced calorie diet developed by Roy Walford, Lisa Walford, and Brian M. Delaney.[2] The CRON-diet involves calorie restriction in the hope that the practice will improve health and retard aging, while still attempting to provide the recommended daily amounts of various nutrients. Other names include CR-diet, Longevity diet, and Anti-Aging Plan. The Walfords and Delaney, among others, founded the CR Society International to promote the CRON-diet.

The CRON-diet was developed from data Walford compiled during his participation in Biosphere 2.[3]

Proponents of the CRON-diet believe that everyone has what they call a "set-point": a weight, specific to an individual, at which each naturally stays when they eat their usual daily diet. Proponents believe that the set-point is determined through heredity and childhood eating habits. Proponents recommend that adherents remain 1025% under their set-point, suggesting that this is necessary for the diet to be maximally effective.[4]

A guideline that proponents use to determine an individual's set-point is to measure that person's body fat content. Proponents state that this should be 1015% for females and 610% for males.[5] Proponents suggest the use of skinfold test tools (they specifically recommend the "Fat-O-Meter"), certain digital scales, densiometry, and/or bioelectrical impedance analysis to determine the body fat content. Proponents then use the current weight and body fat content to determine the goal weight (below the set point), and plan and follow a preliminary diet until the goal weight is reached.

Next, the proponent determines the level of caloric restriction they wish to implement in their regular eating pattern. Proponents recommend a goal of restricting intake by 20%.[5] The actual daily amount eaten depends on the adherent's basal metabolic rate (BMR). A common daily intake is 1800 calories per day.[6]

The Walfords propose three meals in their book, but variation is possible. Adherents can vary the number of meals they eat per day in order to fit their schedules: typically, this is achieved by combining calorie-dense and calorie-lean foods in different ways.[7] Proponents also use "supplements", which refers to vitamin pills as well as certain high-nutrition foods (which are necessarily calorie-lean).[8] The Walfords describe these foods as "nutrient super-chargers"; examples include kombu, brewers yeast, wheat bran, wheat germ, shiitake mushrooms, non-fat dry milk, soybeans, and tofu. These "nutrient super-chargers" are used frequently to boost meals' nutritional density.[7]

The Walfords propose that adherents eat three meals per day. They suggest that adherents cook eight meals on a specific day of the week, and then freeze these meals to use during the entire week. They refer to this process as the "Quantity-Cook-and Freeze Option", and the meals themselves as "One-a-day MegaMeals". They suggest that adherents use two "Free-Choice Recipes" for the other two courses per day.

Adherents may compose their own meals. The Walfords caution that such meals must be planned exactly and contain all the required RDA nutrients. There are computer tools available to plan meals, including the official Dr. Walfords Interactive Diet Planner and the unofficial CRON-o-Meter.

Link:
CRON-diet - Wikipedia

Cryogenic pods. Computer illustration of people in cryogenic pods. Their bodies are being preserved by storing them at very low temperatures. They will remain frozen until a time when the technology might exist to resurrect the dead, a technique known as cryonics. Alternatively a new body may be cloned from their tissue. Some companies offer to store dead peoples bodies.

Transhumanism (also abbreviated as H+) is a philosophical movement which advocates for technology not only enhancing human life, but to take over human life by merging human and machine. The idea is that in one future day, humans will be vastly more intelligent, healthy, and physically powerful. In fact, much of this movement is based upon the notion that death is not an option with a focus to improve the somatic body and make humans immortal.

Certainly, there are those in the movement who espouse the most extreme virtues of transhumanism such as replacing perfectly healthy body parts with artificial limbs. But medical ethicists raise this and other issues as the reason why transhumanism is so dangerous to humans when what is considered acceptable life-enhancement has virtually no checks and balances over who gets a say when we go too far. For instance, Kevin Warwick of Coventry University, a cybernetics expert, asked the Guardian, What is wrong with replacing imperfect bits of your body with artificial parts that will allow you to perform better or which might allow you to live longer? while another doctor stated that he would have no part in such surgeries. There is, after all, a difference between placing a pacemaker or performing laser eye surgery on the body to prolong human life and lend a greater degree of quality to human life, and that of treating the human body as a tabula rasa upon which to rewrite what is, effectively, the natural course of human life.

A largely intellectual movement whose aim is to transform humanity through the development of a panoply of technologies which ostensibly enhance human intellect, physiology, and the very legal status of what being human means, transhumanism is a social project whose inspiration can be dated back to 19th century continental European philosophy and later through the writings of J. B. S. Haldane, a British scientist and Marxist, who in 1923 delivered a speech at the Heretics Society, an intellectual club at Cambridge University, entitled Daedalus or, Science and the Future which foretold the future of the end of ofcoalfor power generation in Britain while proposing a network of windmills which would be used for the electrolytic decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen (they would generate hydrogen). According to many transhumanists, this is one of the founding projects of the movement. To read this one might think this was a precursor to the contemporary ecological movement.

The philosophical tenets, academic theories, and institutional practices of transhumanism are well-known.Max More, a British philosopher and leader of the extropian movement claims that transhumanism is the continuation and acceleration of the evolution of intelligent life beyond its currently human form and human limitations by means of science and technology, guided by life-promoting principles and values. This very definition, however, is a paradox since the ethos of this movement is to promote life through that which is not life, even by removing pieces of life, to create something billed as meta-life. Indeed, it is clear that transhumanism banks on its own contradiction: that life is deficient as is, yet can be bettered by prolonging life even to the detriment of life.

Stefan Lorenz Sorgneris a German philosopher and bioethicist who has written widely on the ethical implications of transhumanism to include writings on cryonics and longevity of human life, all of which which go against most ecological principles given the amount of resources needed to keep a body in suspended animation post-death. At the heart of Sorgners writings, like those of Kyle Munkittrick, invoke an almost nave rejection of death, noting that death is neither natural nor a part of human evolution. In fact, much of the writings on transhumanism take a radical approach to technology: anyone who dare question that cutting off healthy limbs to make make way for a super-Olympian sportsperson would be called a Luddite, anti-technology. But that is a false dichotomy since most critics of transhumanism are not against all technology, but question the ethics of any technology that interferes with the human rights of humans.

Take for instance the recent push by many on the ostensible Left who favor surrogacy as a step on the transhumanist ladder, with many publications on this subject, none so far which address the human rights of women who are not only part of this equation, but whose bodies are being used in the this faux-futurist vision of life without the mention of female bodies. Versos publication of a troubling piece by Sophie Lewis earlier this year, aptly titled Gestators of All Genders Unite speaks to the lack of ethics in a field that seems to be grasping at straws in removing the very mention of the bodies which reproduce and give birth to human life: females. In eliminating the specificity of the female body, Lewis attempts to stitch together a utopian future where genders are having children, even though the reality of reproduction across the Mammalia class demonstrates that sex, not gender, determines where life is gestated and birthed. What Lewis attempts in fictionalizing a world of dreamy hopefulness actually resembles more an episode of The Handmaids Tale where this writer has lost sense of any irony. Of course pregnancy is not about gender. It is uniquely about sex and the class of gestators are females under erasure by this dystopian movement anxious to pursue a vision of a world without women.

While many transhumanist ideals remain purely theoretical in scope, what is clear is that females are the class of humans who are being theorised out of social and political discourse. Indeed, much of the social philosophy surrounding transhumanist projects sets out to eliminate genderin the human species through the application of advanced biotechnology andassisted reproductive technologies, ultimately inspired by Shulamith Firestone'sThe Dialectic of Sex and much of Donna Haraways writing on cyborgs. From parthenogenesisto the creation ofartificial wombs, this movement seeks to remove the specificity of not gender, but sex, through the elision of medical terminology and procedures which portend to advance a technological human-cyborg built on the ideals of a post-sex model.

The problem, however, is that women are quite aware that sex-based inequality has zilch to do with anything other than their somatic sex. And nothing transhumanist theories can propose will wash away the reality of the sexed human body upon which social stereotypes are plied.

More here:
The Ethics Of Transhumanism And The Cult Of Futurist Biotech

No other figure in history has played a bigger part in opening the West to Buddhism than the eminent Zen author, D.T. Suzuki, and in this reissue of his best work readers are given the very heart of Zen teaching. Zen Buddhism, which sold more than 125,000 as an Anchor paperback after its publication in 1956, includes a basic historical background as well as a thorough overview of the techniques for Zen practice. Concepts and terminology such as satori, zazen, and koans, as well as the various elements of this philosophy are all given clear explanations. But while Suzuki takes nothing for granted in the reader's understanding of the fundamentals, he does not give a merely rudimentary overview. Each of the essays included here, particularly those on the unconscious mind and the relation of Zen to Western philosophy, go far beyond other sources for their penetrating insights and timeless wisdom.

What is most important about D.T. Suzuki's work, however--and what comes across so powerfully in these selections--is his unparalleled ability to communicate the experiential aspect of Zen. The intensity here with which Zen philosophy comes to life is without parallel in the canon of Buddhist literature. Suzuki stands apart from all teachers before or since because of his exceptional ability to eloquently capture in words the seemingly inexpressible essence of Zen.

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Amazon.com: Zen Buddhism: Selected Writings of D. T ...

New to Yoga?

If you are looking for an attainable way to begin yoga in the comfort of your own home, yoga for beginners is for you. It is essential to begin with balancing your body, mind, emotion and energy and creating an inner atmosphere of joy. Yoga for beginners is an easy, safe, and fun way to start your journey towards good health and wellbeing. Having physical agility and having previous experience is not a requirement for yoga for beginners. These simple practices from the ancient science of yoga, have been designed by Sadhguru a world-renowned yogi, mystic, and one of the foremost authorities on yoga.

You can choose to learn yoga from any one of these videos:

A powerful practice that nurtures the physical, psychological and energy dimensions of a human being that takes just 8 10 minutes a day and is done in a standing position. Benefits of this practice include activating the lumbar region of the spine, and strengthening the muscles around the spine to prevent collapsing of the spine that can occur with aging, and for overall wellbeing.

Learn Yoga Namaskar for Free

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This practice cleanses the nadis which are the pathways through which pranic energy flows. This is a gentle practice that can be done any time of the day for 4 minutes and is done in a sitting position. Benefits include balancing the system and psychological well-being. It alsoaids with insomnia.

Learn Nadi Shuddhifor Free

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The yoga of sound allows you to utter sounds that create complete balance in the energy system and foster an inner atmosphere of joy. This gentle practice is done in a sitting position and takes just 12 minutes. Benefits include an increase in energy levels and improved mental clarity.

Learn Nada Yogafor Free

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You can try this free guided meditation at a space youre comfortable in and at any time you wish. This is the convenience of doing a free online guided meditation. Any time youre feeling stressed, anxious or depressed, you can try this easy-to-follow guided meditation. After this guided meditation, you will feel refreshed, relaxed, and capable of handling day-to-day life situations. This free online guided meditation takes only 12-18 minutes and is an easy to learn step-by-step process that you can do at home, work, or wherever you are. This is a short guided meditation that anyone can do at their own convenience. The instructions for this short guided meditation are very simple, involving your breathing and thought process. This meditation can be practiced sitting on a chair.

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Yoga for Beginners - Inner Engineering Pages

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"},{"label":"EditorialReviews","value":"This is not just another candy-ass elementary level celestine prophetic conversation supposedly with God clone. It is fresh, revealing, current, new inspiration. Power of Now is written from a depth of a person who has considered suicide, gone through his dark night of the soul and has come out the other side into his very personal and ecstatic enlightenment. If you are considering getting back in touch with your soul this book is a great companion.Now and then, time cultivates these perfect jewels. You find one and think nothing better is possible. Such is The Power of Now. A regular customer at our store, and student of Chi Gong said, "It not only synthesizes everything i've delved into, but it does it so clearly and simply." Many customers report back literally "thrilled" to have come across the book."},{"label":"TOC","value":"

Author's Preface to the Paperback Edition, Introduction, The Origin of This Book, The Truth That Is Within You, CHAPTER ONE: You Are Not Your Mind, CHAPTER TWO: Consciousness: The Way Out of Pain, CHAPTER THREE: Moving Deeply into the Now, CHAPTER FOUR: Mind Strategies for Avoiding the Now, CHAPTER FIVE: The State of Presence, CHAPTER SIX: The Inner Body, CHAPTER SEVEN: Portals into the Unmanifested, CHAPTER EIGHT: Enlightened Relationships, CHAPTER NINE: Beyond Happiness and Unhappiness There Is Peace, CHAPTER TEN: The Meaning of Surrender, Notes, Acknowledgments, About the Author,

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Much more than simple principles and platitudes, The Power of Now takes readers on an inspiring spiritual journey to find their true and deepest self and reach the ultimate in personal growth and spirituality: the discovery of truth and light. In the first chapter, Tolle introduces readers to enlightenment and its natural enemy, the mind. He awakens readers to their role as a creator of pain and shows them how to have a pain-free identity by living fully in the present. The journey is thrilling, and along the way, the author shows how to connect to the indestructible essence of our Being, "the eternal, ever-present One Life beyond the myriad forms of life that are subject to birth and death." Only after regaining awareness of Being, liberated from Mind and intensely in the Now, is there Enlightenment."}],"additionalimages":[{"image":"https://prodimage.images-bn.com/pimages/9781577314806_p1_v3_s192x300.jpg"},{"image":"https://prodimage.images-bn.com/pimages/9781577314806_p0_v5_s192x300.jpg"}],"specifications":[{"label":"depth","value":"0.70"},{"label":"width","value":"5.50"},{"label":"publicationDate","value":"2004-09-21 00:00:00.0"},{"label":"edition","value":"First Trade Paper Edition"},{"label":"salesRank","value":"353"},{"label":"isbn13","value":"9781577314806"},{"label":"isbn10","value":"1577314808"},{"label":"height","value":"8.40"},{"label":"publisher","value":"New World Library"}],"isgiftcard":"false","additionalinfo":[{"label":"warningMessage","value":"Not Applicable"},{"label":"excludePromotionMessage","value":"Not Applicable"},{"label":"marketplaceBtnTxt","value":"134 New & Used from 1.99"},{"label":"siteName","value":"Barnes & Noble"},{"label":"preOrderableMsg","value":"Not Applicable"},{"label":"formatId","value":"121"},{"label":"usedListPrice","value":"0"},{"label":"usedSalePrice","value":"0"},{"label":"analyticsCode","value":"B1-026SA"},{"label":"neverForSaleMsg","value":"Not Applicable"},{"label":"skuType","value":"book"},{"label":"departmentCode","value":"1"},{"label":"usedPercentageSave","value":"0"},{"label":"secondaryFormat","value":"Paperback"},{"label":"storeAvailable","value":"false"},{"label":"Paperback","value":"First Trade Paper Edition"}],"itemid":"1100220492","features":[{"label":"shipRestrictionMsg","value":null},{"label":"soldBy","value":null},{"label":"sound","value":"[]"},{"label":"edition","value":"First Trade Paper Edition"},{"label":"language","value":"English"},{"label":"versionName","value":null},{"label":"seriesTitle","value":null},{"label":"presentation","value":"[]"},{"label":"catalogNumber","value":null},{"label":"regionCode","value":"Not applicable"},{"label":"enableContributorSeriesFeature","value":"true"},{"label":"numberOfPages","value":"235"},{"label":"shipRestrictionCode","value":"0"},{"label":"originalRelease","value":"0000"},{"label":"lexileDescription","value":null},{"label":"ageTo","value":null},{"label":"publicationDate","value":"2004-09-21 00:00:00.0"},{"label":"class","value":"com.bn.feed.dto.BNProductDetailsTab"},{"label":"height","value":"8.40"},{"label":"releaseDate","value":"09/21/2004"},{"label":"displayFormat","value":null},{"label":"parentFormat","value":"Paperback"},{"label":"publisherUrl","value":"/s/%22New World Library%22?Ntk=Publisher&Ns=P_Sales_Rank&Ntx=mode+matchall"},{"label":"seriesNumber","value":"0"},{"label":"lexile","value":null},{"label":"depth","value":"0.70"},{"label":"seriesUrl","value":null},{"label":"fileSize","value":null},{"label":"isbn13","value":"9781577314806"},{"label":"currentIssue","value":null},{"label":"width","value":"5.50"},{"label":"publisher","value":"New World Library"},{"label":"ageFrom","value":null},{"label":"isbn10","value":"1577314808"},{"label":"contentRating","value":null},{"label":"time","value":null}],"itemtype":"Paperback","publisher":"New World Library","sku":"9781577314806","shippingmessages":[{"name":"deliveryPromise","description":"Want it by Wednesday, September 26?"},{"name":"deliveryPromiseNote","description":"Order by 12:00 PM Eastern and choose Expedited Shipping at checkout."},{"name":"detailedText","description":"Want it by Wednesday, September 26?n, Order by 12:00 PM Eastern and choose Expedited Shipping at checkout."},{"name":"sameDayMessageLinkTest","description":"See Details"},{"name":"sameDayMessage","description":"Same Day shipping in Manhattan."},{"name":"externalLink","description":"//dispatch.barnesandnoble.com/content/ccr/h/modal/html/2015/7/get_it_same_day.use.html"},{"name":"freeShipEligibleMessage","description":"Eligible for FREE SHIPPING"},{"name":"freeShipEligibleMessageURL","description":"//dispatch.barnesandnoble.com/content/ccr/h/modal/html/2017/1/free-shipping.use.html"}]},"state":{"additionalproperties":[{"label":"sortedFormatPriorityOrder","value":"Hardcover"},{"label":"sortedFormatPriorityOrder","value":"Paperback"},{"label":"sortedFormatPriorityOrder","value":"NOOK Book"},{"label":"sortedFormatPriorityOrder","value":"Audiobook"}],"additionalinfo":[{"name":"Eckhart Tolle","link":"/s/"Eckhart Tolle"?Ntk=P_key_Contributor_List&Ns=P_Sales_Rank&Ntx=mode matchall","label":"Author"}]},"seodetails":{"description":"Much more than simple principles and platitudes, The Power of Now takes readers on an inspiring spiritual journey to find their true and deepest self and reach...","canonical":"https://prodimage.images-bn.com/pimages/9781577314806_p1_v3_s1200x630.jpg","title":"Power-of-Now/Eckhart-Tolle"},"userinfo":[{"qualification":"University of London; 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Now, author-sage Eckhart Tolle uses words to guide readers beyond words. Pointing to the portals of the eternal present, this practical mystic's modern gospel offers transcendent truths that set us free. (Dan Millman, author of Everyday Enlightenment and The Laws of Spirit) A great contribution to our understanding of what it means to be a spiritual being. (Ian Percy, author of Going Deep)"},{"label":"MeetTheAuthor","value":"

World-renowned spiritual teacher Eckhart Tolle conveys simple wisdom that transcends any particular religion, doctrine, or guru. His #1 NYT bestselling book is a modern classic in the field of personal growth and spirituality; Oprah Winfrey credits The Power of Now with helping her to "get through September 11, 2001" and she featured it on her December 2002 "Oprahs Favorite Things" show. A native of Germany, Eckhart Tolle attended the University of London, and upon graduation went on to become a research scholar and supervisor at Cambridge University. At 29, a profound spiritual awakening virtually dissolved his personal identity and sparked a radical change in the course of his life. It marked the beginning of an intense inward journey and he devoted the next decade to understanding, deepening, and integrating that transformation. For the past ten years, he has acted as a counselor and spiritual guide, facilitating sold-out groups in Europe and North America. He lives in Vancouver, British Columbia."},{"label":"ReadAnExcerpt","value":"

YOU ARE NOT YOUR MIND

THE GREATEST OBSTACLE TO ENLIGHTENMENT

Enlightenment what is that?

A beggar had been sitting by the side of a road for over thirty years. One day a stranger walked by. "Spare some change?" mumbled the beggar, mechanically holding out his old baseball cap. "I have nothing to give you," said the stranger. Then he asked: "What's that you are sitting on?" "Nothing," replied the beggar. "Just an old box. I have been sitting on it for as long as I can remember." "Ever looked inside?" asked the stranger. "No," said the beggar. "What's the point? There's nothing in there." "Have a look inside," insisted the stranger. The beggar managed to pry open the lid. With astonishment, disbelief, and elation, he saw that the box was filled with gold.

I am that stranger who has nothing to give you and who is telling you to look inside. Not inside any box, as in the parable, but somewhere even closer: inside yourself.

"But I am not a beggar," I can hear you say.

Those who have not found their true wealth, which is the radiant joy of Being and the deep, unshakable peace that comes with it, are beggars, even if they have great material wealth. They are looking outside for scraps of pleasure or fulfillment, for validation, security, or love, while they have a treasure within that not only includes all those things but is infinitely greater than anything the world can offer.

The word enlightenment conjures up the idea of some superhuman accomplishment, and the ego likes to keep it that way, but it is simply your natural state of felt oneness with Being. It is a state of connectedness with something immeasurable and indestructible, something that, almost paradoxically, is essentially you and yet is much greater than you. It is finding your true nature beyond name and form. The inability to feel this connectedness gives rise to the illusion of separation, from yourself and from the world around you. You then perceive yourself, consciously or unconsciously, as an isolated fragment. Fear arises, and conflict within and without becomes the norm.

I love the Buddha's simple definition of enlightenment as "the end of suffering." There is nothing superhuman in that, is there? Of course, as a definition, it is incomplete. It only tells you what enlightenment is not: no suffering. But what's left when there is no more suffering? The Buddha is silent on that, and his silence implies that you'll have to find out for yourself. He uses a negative definition so that the mind cannot make it into something to believe in or into a superhuman accomplishment, a goal that is impossible for you to attain. Despite this precaution, the majority of Buddhists still believe that enlightenment is for the Buddha, not for them, at least not in this lifetime.

You used the word Being. Can you explain what you mean by that?

Being is the eternal, ever-present One Life beyond the myriad forms of life that are subject to birth and death. However, Being is not only beyond but also deep within every form as its innermost invisible and indestructible essence. This means that it is accessible to you now as your own deepest self, your true nature. But don't seek to grasp it with your mind. Don't try to understand it. You can know it only when the mind is still. When you are present, when your attention is fully and intensely in the Now, Being can be felt, but it can never be understood mentally. To regain awareness of Being and to abide in that state of "feeling-realization" is enlightenment.

* * *

When you say Being, are you talking about God? If you are, then why don't you say it?

The word God has become empty of meaning through thousands of years of misuse. I use it sometimes, but I do so sparingly. By misuse, I mean that people who have never even glimpsed the realm of the sacred, the infinite vastness behind that word, use it with great conviction, as if they knew what they are talking about. Or they argue against it, as if they knew what it is that they are denying. This misuse gives rise to absurd beliefs, assertions, and egoic delusions, such as "My or our God is the only true God, and your God is false," or Nietzsche's famous statement "God is dead."

The word God has become a closed concept. The moment the word is uttered, a mental image is created, no longer, perhaps, of an old man with a white beard, but still a mental representation of someone or something outside you, and, yes, almost inevitably a male someone or something.

Neither God nor Being nor any other word can define or explain the ineffable reality behind the word, so the only important question is whether the word is a help or a hindrance in enabling you to experience That toward which it points. Does it point beyond itself to that transcendental reality, or does it lend itself too easily to becoming no more than an idea in your head that you believe in, a mental idol?

The word Being explains nothing, but nor does God. Being, however, has the advantage that it is an open concept. It does not reduce the infinite invisible to a finite entity. It is impossible to form a mental image of it. Nobody can claim exclusive possession of Being. It is your very essence, and it is immediately accessible to you as the feeling of your own presence, the realization I am that is prior to I am this or I am that. So it is only a small step from the word Being to the experience of Being.

* * *

What is the greatest obstacle to experiencing this reality?

Identification with your mind, which causes thought to become compulsive. Not to be able to stop thinking is a dreadful affliction, but we don't realize this because almost everybody is suffering from it, so it is considered normal.

This incessant mental noise prevents you from finding that realm of inner stillness that is inseparable from Being. It also creates a false mind-made self that casts a shadow of fear and suffering. We will look at all that in more detail later.

The philosopher Descartes believed that he had found the most fundamental truth when he made his famous statement: "I think, therefore I am." He had, in fact, given expression to the most basic error: to equate thinking with Being and identity with thinking. The compulsive thinker, which means almost everyone, lives in a state of apparent separateness, in an insanely complex world of continuous problems and conflict, a world that reflects the ever-increasing fragmentation of the mind. Enlightenment is a state of wholeness, of being "at one" and therefore at peace. At one with life in its manifested aspect, the world, as well as with your deepest self and life unmanifested at one with Being. Enlightenment is not only the end of suffering and of continuous conflict within and without, but also the end of the dreadful enslavement to incessant thinking. What an incredible liberation this is!

Identification with your mind creates an opaque screen of concepts, labels, images, words, judgments, and definitions that blocks all true relationship. It comes between you and yourself, between you and your fellow man and woman, between you and nature, between you and God. It is this screen of thought that creates the illusion of separateness, the illusion that there is you and a totally separate "other." You then forget the essential fact that, underneath the level of physical appearances and separate forms, you are one with all that is. By "forget," I mean that you can no longer feel this oneness as self-evident reality. You may believe it to be true, but you no longer know it to be true. A belief may be comforting. Only through your own experience, however, does it become liberating.

Thinking has become a disease. Disease happens when things get out of balance. For example, there is nothing wrong with cells dividing and multiplying in the body, but when this process continues in disregard of the total organism, cells proliferate and we have disease.

The mind is a superb instrument if used rightly. Used wrongly, however, it becomes very destructive. To put it more accurately, it is not so much that you use your mind wrongly you usually don't use it at all. It uses you. This is the disease. You believe that you are your mind. This is the delusion. The instrument has taken you over.

I don't quite agree. It is true that I do a lot of aimless thinking, like most people, but I can still choose to use my mind to get and accomplish things, and I do that all the time.

Just because you can solve a crossword puzzle or build an atom bomb doesn't mean that you use your mind. Just as dogs love to chew bones, the mind loves to get its teeth into problems. That's why it does crossword puzzles and builds atom bombs. You have no interest in either. Let me ask you this: can you be free of your mind whenever you want to? Have you found the "off" button?

You mean stop thinking altogether? No, I can't, except maybe for a moment or two.

Then the mind is using you. You are unconsciously identified with it, so you don't even know that you are its slave. It's almost as if you were possessed without knowing it, and so you take the possessing entity to be yourself. The beginning of freedom is the realization that you are not the possessing entity the thinker. Knowing this enables you to observe the entity. The moment you start watching the thinker, a higher level of consciousness becomes activated. You then begin to realize that there is a vast realm of intelligence beyond thought, that thought is only a tiny aspect of that intelligence. You also realize that all the things that truly matter beauty, love, creativity, joy, inner peace arise from beyond the mind. You begin to awaken.

* * *

FREEING YOURSELF FROM YOUR MIND

What exactly do you mean by "watching the thinker"?

When someone goes to the doctor and says, "I hear a voice in my head," he or she will most likely be sent to a psychiatrist. The fact is that, in a very similar way, virtually everyone hears a voice, or several voices, in their head all the time: the involuntary thought processes that you don't realize you have the power to stop. Continuous monologues or dialogues.

You have probably come across "mad" people in the street incessantly talking or muttering to themselves. Well, that's not much different from what you and all other "normal" people do, except that you don't do it out loud. The voice comments, speculates, judges, compares, complains, likes, dislikes, and so on. The voice isn't necessarily relevant to the situation you find yourself in at the time; it may be reviving the recent or distant past or rehearsing or imagining possible future situations. Here it often imagines things going wrong and negative outcomes; this is called worry. Sometimes this soundtrack is accompanied by visual images or "mental movies." Even if the voice is relevant to the situation at hand, it will interpret it in terms of the past. This is because the voice belongs to your conditioned mind, which is the result of all your past history as well as of the collective cultural mind-set you inherited. So you see and judge the present through the eyes of the past and get a totally distorted view of it. It is not uncommon for the voice to be a person's own worst enemy. Many people live with a tormentor in their head that continuously attacks and punishes them and drains them of vital energy. It is the cause of untold misery and unhappiness, as well as of disease.

The good news is that you can free yourself from your mind. This is the only true liberation. You can take the first step right now. Start listening to the voice in your head as often as you can. Pay particular attention to any repetitive thought patterns, those old gramophone records that have been playing in your head perhaps for many years. This is what I mean by "watching the thinker," which is another way of saying: listen to the voice in your head, be there as the witnessing presence.

When you listen to that voice, listen to it impartially. That is to say, do not judge. Do not judge or condemn what you hear, for doing so would mean that the same voice has come in again through the back door. You'll soon realize: there is the voice, and here I am listening to it, watching it. This I am realization, this sense of your own presence, is not a thought. It arises from beyond the mind.

* * *

So when you listen to a thought, you are aware not only of the thought but also of yourself as the witness of the thought. A new dimension of consciousness has come in. As you listen to the thought, you feel a conscious presence your deeper self behind or underneath the thought, as it were. The thought then loses its power over you and quickly subsides, because you are no longer energizing the mind through identification with it. This is the beginning of the end of involuntary and compulsive thinking.

When a thought subsides, you experience a discontinuity in the mental stream a gap of "no-mind." At first, the gaps will be short, a few seconds perhaps, but gradually they will become longer. When these gaps occur, you feel a certain stillness and peace inside you. This is the beginning of your natural state of felt oneness with Being, which is usually obscured by the mind. With practice, the sense of stillness and peace will deepen. In fact, there is no end to its depth. You will also feel a subtle emanation of joy arising from deep within: the joy of Being.

It is not a trancelike state. Not at all. There is no loss of consciousness here. The opposite is the case. If the price of peace were a lowering of your consciousness, and the price of stillness a lack of vitality and alertness, then they would not be worth having. In this state of inner connectedness, you are much more alert, more awake than in the mind-identified state. You are fully present. It also raises the vibrational frequency of the energy field that gives life to the physical body.

As you go more deeply into this realm of no-mind, as it is sometimes called in the East, you realize the state of pure consciousness. In that state, you feel your own presence with such intensity and such joy that all thinking, all emotions, your physical body, as well as the whole external world become relatively insignificant in comparison to it. And yet this is not a selfish but a selfless state. It takes you beyond what you previously thought of as "your self." That presence is essentially you and at the same time inconceivably greater than you. What I am trying to convey here may sound paradoxical or even contradictory, but there is no other way that I can express it.

* * *

Instead of "watching the thinker," you can also create a gap in the mind stream simply by directing the focus of your attention into the Now. Just become intensely conscious of the present moment. This is a deeply satisfying thing to do. In this way, you draw consciousness away from mind activity and create a gap of no-mind in which you are highly alert and aware but not thinking. This is the essence of meditation.

In your everyday life, you can practice this by taking any routine activity that normally is only a means to an end and giving it your fullest attention, so that it becomes an end in itself. For example, every time you walk up and down the stairs in your house or place of work, pay close attention to every step, every movement, even your breathing. Be totally present. Or when you wash your hands, pay attention to all the sense perceptions associated with the activity: the sound and feel of the water, the movement of your hands, the scent of the soap, and so on. Or when you get into your car, after you close the door, pause for a few seconds and observe the flow of your breath. Become aware of a silent but powerful sense of presence. There is one certain criterion by which you can measure your success in this practice: the degree of peace that you feel within.

* * *

So the single most vital step on your journey toward enlightenment is this: learn to disidentify from your mind. Every time you create a gap in the stream of mind, the light of your consciousness grows stronger.

One day you may catch yourself smiling at the voice in your head, as you would smile at the antics of a child. This means that you no longer take the content of your mind all that seriously, as your sense of self does not depend on it.

ENLIGHTENMENT: RISING ABOVE THOUGHT

Isn't thinking essential in order to survive in this world?

Your mind is an instrument, a tool. It is there to be used for a specific task, and when the task is completed, you lay it down. As it is, I would say about 80 to 90 percent of most people's thinking is not only repetitive and useless, but because of its dysfunctional and often negative nature, much of it is also harmful. Observe your mind and you will find this to be true. It causes a serious leakage of vital energy.

"},{"label":"EditorialReviews","value":"This is not just another candy-ass elementary level celestine prophetic conversation supposedly with God clone. It is fresh, revealing, current, new inspiration. Power of Now is written from a depth of a person who has considered suicide, gone through his dark night of the soul and has come out the other side into his very personal and ecstatic enlightenment. If you are considering getting back in touch with your soul this book is a great companion.Now and then, time cultivates these perfect jewels. You find one and think nothing better is possible. Such is The Power of Now. A regular customer at our store, and student of Chi Gong said, "It not only synthesizes everything i've delved into, but it does it so clearly and simply." Many customers report back literally "thrilled" to have come across the book."},{"label":"TOC","value":"

Author's Preface to the Paperback Edition, Introduction, The Origin of This Book, The Truth That Is Within You, CHAPTER ONE: You Are Not Your Mind, CHAPTER TWO: Consciousness: The Way Out of Pain, CHAPTER THREE: Moving Deeply into the Now, CHAPTER FOUR: Mind Strategies for Avoiding the Now, CHAPTER FIVE: The State of Presence, CHAPTER SIX: The Inner Body, CHAPTER SEVEN: Portals into the Unmanifested, CHAPTER EIGHT: Enlightened Relationships, CHAPTER NINE: Beyond Happiness and Unhappiness There Is Peace, CHAPTER TEN: The Meaning of Surrender, Notes, Acknowledgments, About the Author,

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Much more than simple principles and platitudes, The Power of Now takes readers on an inspiring spiritual journey to find their true and deepest self and reach the ultimate in personal growth and spirituality: the discovery of truth and light. In the first chapter, Tolle introduces readers to enlightenment and its natural enemy, the mind. He awakens readers to their role as a creator of pain and shows them how to have a pain-free identity by living fully in the present. The journey is thrilling, and along the way, the author shows how to connect to the indestructible essence of our Being, "the eternal, ever-present One Life beyond the myriad forms of life that are subject to birth and death." Only after regaining awareness of Being, liberated from Mind and intensely in the Now, is there Enlightenment."}],"additionalimages":[{"image":"https://prodimage.images-bn.com/pimages/9781577314806_p1_v3_s192x300.jpg"},{"image":"https://prodimage.images-bn.com/pimages/9781577314806_p0_v5_s192x300.jpg"}],"specifications":[{"label":"depth","value":"0.70"},{"label":"width","value":"5.50"},{"label":"publicationDate","value":"2004-09-21 00:00:00.0"},{"label":"edition","value":"First Trade Paper Edition"},{"label":"salesRank","value":"353"},{"label":"isbn13","value":"9781577314806"},{"label":"isbn10","value":"1577314808"},{"label":"height","value":"8.40"},{"label":"publisher","value":"New World Library"}],"isgiftcard":"false","additionalinfo":[{"label":"warningMessage","value":"Not Applicable"},{"label":"excludePromotionMessage","value":"Not Applicable"},{"label":"marketplaceBtnTxt","value":"134 New & Used from 1.99"},{"label":"siteName","value":"Barnes & Noble"},{"label":"preOrderableMsg","value":"Not Applicable"},{"label":"formatId","value":"121"},{"label":"usedListPrice","value":"0"},{"label":"usedSalePrice","value":"0"},{"label":"analyticsCode","value":"B1-026SA"},{"label":"neverForSaleMsg","value":"Not Applicable"},{"label":"skuType","value":"book"},{"label":"departmentCode","value":"1"},{"label":"usedPercentageSave","value":"0"},{"label":"secondaryFormat","value":"Paperback"},{"label":"storeAvailable","value":"false"},{"label":"Paperback","value":"First Trade Paper Edition"}],"itemid":"1100220492","features":[{"label":"shipRestrictionMsg","value":null},{"label":"soldBy","value":null},{"label":"sound","value":"[]"},{"label":"edition","value":"First Trade Paper Edition"},{"label":"language","value":"English"},{"label":"versionName","value":null},{"label":"seriesTitle","value":null},{"label":"presentation","value":"[]"},{"label":"catalogNumber","value":null},{"label":"regionCode","value":"Not applicable"},{"label":"enableContributorSeriesFeature","value":"true"},{"label":"numberOfPages","value":"235"},{"label":"shipRestrictionCode","value":"0"},{"label":"originalRelease","value":"0000"},{"label":"lexileDescription","value":null},{"label":"ageTo","value":null},{"label":"publicationDate","value":"2004-09-21 00:00:00.0"},{"label":"class","value":"com.bn.feed.dto.BNProductDetailsTab"},{"label":"height","value":"8.40"},{"label":"releaseDate","value":"09/21/2004"},{"label":"displayFormat","value":null},{"label":"parentFormat","value":"Paperback"},{"label":"publisherUrl","value":"/s/%22New World Library%22?Ntk=Publisher&Ns=P_Sales_Rank&Ntx=mode+matchall"},{"label":"seriesNumber","value":"0"},{"label":"lexile","value":null},{"label":"depth","value":"0.70"},{"label":"seriesUrl","value":null},{"label":"fileSize","value":null},{"label":"isbn13","value":"9781577314806"},{"label":"currentIssue","value":null},{"label":"width","value":"5.50"},{"label":"publisher","value":"New World Library"},{"label":"ageFrom","value":null},{"label":"isbn10","value":"1577314808"},{"label":"contentRating","value":null},{"label":"time","value":null}],"itemtype":"Paperback","publisher":"New World Library","sku":"9781577314806","shippingmessages":[{"name":"deliveryPromise","description":"Want it by Wednesday, September 26?"},{"name":"deliveryPromiseNote","description":"Order by 12:00 PM Eastern and choose Expedited Shipping at checkout."},{"name":"detailedText","description":"Want it by Wednesday, September 26?n, Order by 12:00 PM Eastern and choose Expedited Shipping at checkout."},{"name":"sameDayMessageLinkTest","description":"See Details"},{"name":"sameDayMessage","description":"Same Day shipping in Manhattan."},{"name":"externalLink","description":"//dispatch.barnesandnoble.com/content/ccr/h/modal/html/2015/7/get_it_same_day.use.html"},{"name":"freeShipEligibleMessage","description":"Eligible for FREE SHIPPING"},{"name":"freeShipEligibleMessageURL","description":"//dispatch.barnesandnoble.com/content/ccr/h/modal/html/2017/1/free-shipping.use.html"}]},"state":{"additionalproperties":[{"label":"sortedFormatPriorityOrder","value":"Hardcover"},{"label":"sortedFormatPriorityOrder","value":"Paperback"},{"label":"sortedFormatPriorityOrder","value":"NOOK Book"},{"label":"sortedFormatPriorityOrder","value":"Audiobook"}],"additionalinfo":[{"name":"Eckhart Tolle","link":"/s/"Eckhart Tolle"?Ntk=P_key_Contributor_List&Ns=P_Sales_Rank&Ntx=mode matchall","label":"Author"}]},"seodetails":{"description":"Much more than simple principles and platitudes, The Power of Now takes readers on an inspiring spiritual journey to find their true and deepest self and reach...","canonical":"https://prodimage.images-bn.com/pimages/9781577314806_p1_v3_s1200x630.jpg","title":"Power-of-Now/Eckhart-Tolle"},"userinfo":[{"qualification":"University of London; 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The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment

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The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment by ...

Contents

European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the long 18th century (1685-1815) as part of a movement referred to by its participants as the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its decline. The Enlightenment ultimately gave way to 19th-century Romanticism.

The Enlightenments important 17th-century precursors included the Englishmen Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes, the Frenchman Renee Descartes and the key natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution, including Galileo, Kepler and Leibniz. Its roots are usually traced to 1680s England, where in the span of three years Isaac Newton published his Principia Mathematica (1686) and John Locke his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689)two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenments major advances.

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Did you know? In his essay 'What Is Enlightenment?' (1784), the German philosopher Immanuel Kant summed up the era's motto in the following terms: 'Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!'

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Locke argued that human nature was mutable and that knowledge was gained through accumulated experience rather than by accessing some sort of outside truth. Newtons calculus and optical theories provided the powerful Enlightenment metaphors for precisely measured change and illumination.

There was no single, unified Enlightenment. Instead, it is possible to speak of the French Enlightenment, the Scottish Enlightenment and the English, German, Swiss or American Enlightenment. Individual Enlightenment thinkers often had very different approaches. Locke differed from Hume, Rousseau from Voltaire, Thomas Jefferson from Frederick the Great. Their differences and disagreements, though, emerged out of the common Enlightenment themes of rational questioning and belief in progress through dialogue.

Centered on the dialogues and publications of the French philosophes (Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Buffon and Diderot), the High Enlightenment might best be summed up by one historians summary of Voltaires Philosophical Dictionary: a chaos of clear ideas. Foremost among these was the notion that everything in the universe could be rationally demystified and cataloged. The signature publication of the period was Diderots Encyclopdie (1751-77), which brought together leading authors to produce an ambitious compilation of human knowledge.

It was an age of enlightened despots like Frederick the Great, who unified, rationalized and modernized Prussia in between brutal multi-year wars with Austria, and of enlightened would-be revolutionaries like Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson, whose Declaration of Independence (1776) framed the American Revolution in terms taken from of Lockes essays.

It was also a time of religious (and anti-religious) innovation, as Christians sought to reposition their faith along rational lines and deists and materialists argued that the universe seemed to determine its own course without Gods intervention. Secret societiesthe Freemasons, the Bavarian Illuminati, the Rosicruciansflourished, offering European men (and a few women) new modes of fellowship, esoteric ritual and mutual assistance. Coffeehouses, newspapers and literary salons emerged as new venues for ideas to circulate.

The French Revolution of 1789 was the culmination of the High Enlightenment vision of throwing out the old authorities to remake society along rational lines, but it devolved into bloody terror that showed the limits of its own ideas and led, a decade later, to the rise of Napoleon. Still, its goal of egalitarianism attracted the admiration of the early feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and inspired both the Haitian war of independence and the radical racial inclusivism of Paraguays first post-independence government.

Enlightened rationality gave way to the wildness of Romanticism, but 19th-century Liberalism and Classicismnot to mention 20th-century Modernismall owe a heavy debt to the thinkers of the Enlightenment.

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Enlightenment - HISTORY

As part of the performance appraisal process, it is common to ask employees to create a personal performance review. This is a self-assessment of performance, over a specified time period, compared to objectives, business goals, a job description or other performance indicators. One of the most important benefits of a personal performance review is that it provides an opportunity for employees to promote their accomplishments during the review period and influence their performance rating. The review also helps to open up the lines of communication between an employee and manager.

Determine if there is a standard format or template for personal performance reviews, or whether you must create your own. Some businesses leverage online review software, while others have standard manual forms. If you must create your own, use the word processing software on your computer to document the information.

Review the performance objectives or goals required for your position. These may include quantitative goals, such as achieving sales quotas, meeting quality standards or the on-time completion of project tasks. These also may include qualitative goals, such as effectively coaching direct reports and delegating work assignments.

Look at the job description for your position. Understand the tasks that are expected and the skills that are considered most important.

Compare your actual performance against the performance goals and objectives for the specified period. Review appropriate reports and documentation. Determine if goals were met and by what degree, and if you completed tasks on time. Consider whether the performance met or exceeded management expectations.

Summarize your overall performance compared to the stated goals and objectives, then provide back-up details that support the summary. Highlight the most significant achievements during the review period. Describe how the achievements directly affected the success of the department or company. State whether you met or exceeded expectations.

Describe your performance strengths and development areas during the review period. Include details on actions that you took to improve your performance, such as attending training sessions, taking college courses or working on special projects.

Describe any performance challenges that you faced during the review period, how you handled them and what you may do differently in the future.

Document two to four professional goals for the next review period, such as developing specific, relevant skills or exceeding quantitative business objectives.

Ensure your performance review is free from spelling or grammatical errors.

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