The world of gaming is celebrating the 25th anniversary of Sony's PlayStation and so we've been seeing a ton of older content from decades past surface on social media.

When we came across this old Japanese Street Fighter Alpha (Zero in Japan) 2 ad, (thank you to Goegoezzz for posting) it brought a smile to our faces and we figured it'd likely do the same for you.

The television spot (which we assume is probably from around 1996, the year Alpha 2 came out) sees a hurried Sakura charging through the hustle and bustle of real life city streets.

She encounters a handful of her fellow Street Fighters along the way bumping into a levitating Dhalsim, passing an angry Chun-Li in the subway, and cutting off M. Bison in traffic, who is apparently an evil dictator by night, but the world's creepiest Lyft driver by day.

Sakura eventually stops, turns to the camera and states, "Ryu, I want to meet you once more." We then get about four and a half seconds of gameplay footage before cutting to the title screen. Perhaps the message is, "rush through your busy day so you can get home and play fighting games," or maybe it's, "we face off against metaphorical rivals at every turn in our daily lives."

Whatever the intended meaning may have been, the good news is that we know not to worry too much about Street Fighter storylines and just enjoy the battle. Check out the nostalgic TV spot right here and share any fond SFA2 memories you have in the comments.

Click image for animated version

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This 90's Japanese commercial for Street Fighter Alpha 2 doesn't make a ton of sense, but it somehow still makes us want to play some Alpha -...

When one technology replaces another, its not easy to accurately ascertain how the new technology would impact our lives. With so much buzz around the modern applications of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science, it becomes difficult to track the developments of these technologies. Machine Learning, in particular, has undergone a remarkable evolution in recent years. Many Machine Learning (ML) techniques have come in the foreground recently, most of which go beyond the traditionally simple classifications of this highly scientific Data Science specialization.

Read More: Beyond RPA And Cognitive Document Automation: Intelligent Automation At Scale

Lets point out the top ML techniques that the industry leaders and investors are keenly following, their definition, and commercial application.

Perceptual Learning is the scientific technique of enabling AI ML algorithms with better perception abilities to categorize and differentiate spatial and temporal patterns in the physical world.

For humans, Perceptual Learning is mostly instinctive and condition-driven. It means humans learn perceptual skills without actual awareness. In the case of machines, these learning skills are mapped implicitly using sensors, mechanoreceptors, and connected intelligent machines.

Most AI ML engineering companies boast of developing and delivering AI ML models that run on an automated platform. They openly challenge the presence and need for a Data Scientist in the Engineering process.

Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) is defined as the fully automating the entire process of Machine Learning model development right up till the process of its application.

AutoML enables companies to leverage AI ML models in an automated environment without truly seeking the involvement and supervision of Data Scientists, AI Engineers or Analysts.

Google, Baidu, IBM, Amazon, H2O, and a bunch of other technology-innovation companies already offer a host of AutoML environment for many commercial applications. These applications have swept into every possible business in every industry, including in Healthcare, Manufacturing, FinTech, Marketing and Sales, Retail, Sports and more.

Bayesian Machine Learning is a unique specialization within AI ML projects that leverage statistical models along with Data Science techniques. Any ML technique that uses the Bayes Theorem and Bayesian statistical modeling approach in Machine Learning fall under the purview of Bayesian Machine Learning.

The contemporary applications of Bayesian ML involves the use of open-source coding platform Python. Unique applications include

A good ML program would be expected to perpetually learn to perform a set of complex tasks. This learning mechanism is understood from the specialized branch of AI ML techniques, called Meta-Learning.

The industry-wide definition for Meta-Learning is the ability to learn and generalize AI into different real-world scenarios encountered during the ML training time, using specific volume and variety of data.

Meta-Learning techniques can be further differentiated into three categories

In each of these categories, there is a unique learner, meta-learner, and vectors with labels that match Data-Time-Spatial vectors into a set of networking processes to weigh real-world scenarios labeled with context and inferences.

All the recent Image Processing and Voice Search techniques use the Meta-Learning techniques for their outcomes.

Adversarial ML is one of the fastest-growing and most sophisticated of all ML techniques. It is defined as the ML technique adopted to test and validate the effectiveness of any Machine Learning program in an adverse situation.

As the name suggests, its the antagonistic principle of genuine AI, but used nonetheless to test the veracity of any ML technique when it encounters a unique, adverse situation. It is mostly used to fool an ML model into doubting its own results, thereby leading to a malfunction.

Most ML models are capable of generating answer for one single parameter. But, can it be used to answer for x (unknown or variable) parameter. Thats where the Causal Inference ML techniques comes into play.

Most AI ML courses online are teaching Causal inference as a core ML modeling technique. Causal inference ML technique is defined as the causal reasoning process to draw a unique conclusion based on the impact variables and conditions have on the outcome. This technique is further categorized into Observational ML and Interventional ML, depending on what is driving the Causal Inference algorithm.

Also commercially popularized as Explainable AI (X AI), this technique involves the use of neural networking and interpretation models to make ML structures more easily understood by humans.

Deep Learning Interpretability is defined as the ML specialization to remove black boxes in AI models, providing decision-makers and data officers to understand data modeling structures and legally permit the use of AI ML for general purposes.

The ML technique may use one or more of these techniques for Deep Learning Interpretation.

Any data can be accurately plotted using graphs. In Machine Learning techniques, a graph is a data structure consisting of two components, Vertices (or nodes) and Edges.

Graph ML networks is a specialized ML technique used to connect problems with edges and graphs. Graph Neural Networks (NNs) give rise to the category of Connected NNs (CNSS) and AI NNs (ANN).

There are at least 50 more ML techniques that could be learned and deployed using various NN models and systems. Click here to know of the leading ML companies that are constantly transforming Data Science applications with AI ML techniques.

(To share your insights about ML techniques and commercial applications, please write to us at info@aithority.com)

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10 Machine Learning Techniques and their Definitions - AiThority

Dec 9, 2019

Processing big data in real-time for artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the Internet of Things poses significant infrastructure challenges.

Whether it is for autonomous vehicles, connected devices, or scientific research, legacy NoSQL solutions often struggle at hyperscale. Theyve been built on top of existing RDBMs and tend to strain when looking to analyze and act upon data at hyperscale - petabytes and beyond.

DBTA recently held a webinar featuring Theresa Melvin, chief architect of AI-driven big data solutions, HPE, and Noel Yuhanna, principal analyst serving enterprise architecture professionals, Forrester, who discussed trends in what enterprises are doing to manage big data in real-time.

Data is the new currency and it is driving todays business strategy to fuel innovation and growth, Yuhanna said.

According to a Forrester survey, the top data challenges are data governance, data silos, and data growth, he explained.

More than 35% of enterprises have failed to get value from big data projects largely because of skills, budget, complexity and strategy. Most organizations are dealing with growing multi-format data volume thats in multiple repositories -relational, NoSQL, Hadoop, data lake..

The need has grown for real-time and agile data requirements, he explained. There are too many data silos multiple repositories, cloud sources.

There is a lack of visibility into data across personas -- developer, data scientist, data engineers, data architects, security etc..Traditional data platforms have failed to support new business requirements such as data warehouse, relational DBMS, and ETL tools.

Its all about the customer and its critical for organizations to have a platform to succeed, Yuhanna said. Customers prefer personalization. Companies are still early on their AI journey but they believe it will improve efficiency and effectiveness.

AI and machine learning can hyper-personalize customer experience with targeted offers, he explained. It can also prevent line shutdowns by predicting machine failures.

AI is not one technology. It is comprised of one or more building block technologies. According to the Forrester survey, Yuhanna said AI/ML for data will help end-users and customers to support data intelligence to support new next-generation use cases such as customer personalization, fraud detection, advanced IoT analytics and rea-time data sharing and collaboration.

AI/ML as a platform feature will help support automation within the BI platform for data integration, data quality, security, governance, transformation, etc., minimizing human effort required. This helps deliver insights quicker in hours instead of days and months.

Melvin suggested using HPE Persistent Memory. The platform offers real-time analysis, real-time persist, a single source of truth, and a persistent record.

An archived on-demand replay of this webinar is available here.

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Managing Big Data in Real-Time with AI and Machine Learning - Database Trends and Applications

The NFL and Amazon announced an expansion of their partnership at their annual AWS re:Invent ... [+] conference in Las Vegas that will use artificial intelligence and machine learning to combat player injuries. (Photo by Michael Zagaris/San Francisco 49ers/Getty Images)

Injury prevention in sports is one of the most important issues facing a number of leagues. This is particularly true in the NFL, due to the brutal nature of that punishing sport, which leaves many players sidelined at some point during the season. A number of startups are utilizing technology to address football injury issues, specifically limiting the incidence of concussions. Now, one of the largest companies in the world is working with the league in these efforts.

A week after partnering with the Seattle Seahawks on its machine learning/artificial intelligence offerings, Amazon announced a partnership Thursday in which the technology giant will use those same tools to combat football injuries. Amazon has been involved with the league, with its Next Gen Stats partnership, and now the two companies will work to advance player health and safety as the sport moves forward after its 100th season this year. Amazons AWS cloud services will use its software to gather and analyze large volumes of player health data and scan video images with the objective of helping teams treat injuries and rehabilitate players more effectively. The larger goal will be to create a new Digital Athlete platform to anticipate injury before it even takes place.

This partnership expands the quickly growing relationship between the NFL and Amazon/AWS. as the two have already teamed up for two years with the leagues Thursday Night Football games streamed on the companys Amazon Prime Video platform. Amazon paid $130 million for rights that run through next season. The league also uses AWSs ML Solutions Lab,as well as Amazons SageMaker platform, that enables data scientists and developers to build and develop machine learning models that can also lead to the leagues ultimate goal of predicting and limiting player injury.

The NFL is committed to re-imagining the future of football, said NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell. When we apply next-generation technology to advance player health and safety, everyone wins from players to clubs to fans. The outcomes of our collaboration with AWS and what we will learn about the human body and how injuries happen could reach far beyond football. As we look ahead to our next 100 seasons, were proud to partner with AWS in that endeavor.

The new initiative was announced as part of Amazons AWS re:Invent conference in Las Vegas on Thursday. Among the technologies that AWS and the league announced in its Digital Athlete platform is a computer-simulated model of an NFL player that will model infinite scenarios within NFL gameplay in order to identify a game environment that limits the risk to a player. Digital Athlete uses Amazons full arsenal of technologies, including the AI, ML and computer vision technology that is used with Amazons Rekognition tool and that uses enormous data sets encompassing historical and more modern video to identify a wide variety of solutions, including the prediction of player injury.

By leveraging the breadth and depth of AWS services, the NFL is growing its leadership position in driving innovation and improvements in health and player safety, which is good news not only for NFL players but also for athletes everywhere, said Andy Jassy, CEO of AWS. This partnership represents an opportunity for the NFL and AWS to develop new approaches and advanced tools to prevent injury, both in and potentially beyond football.

These announcements come at a time when more NFL players are utilizing their large platforms to bring awareness to injuries and the enormous impact those injuries have on their bodies. Former New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski has been one of the most productive NFL players at his position in league history but he had to retire from the league this year, at the age of 29, due to a rash of injuries.

The future Hall of Fame player estimated that he suffered probably 20 concussions in his football career. These admissions have significant consequences on youth participation rates in the sport. Partnerships like the one announced yesterday will need to be successful in order for the sport to remain on solid footing heading into the new decade.

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The NFL And Amazon Want To Transform Player Health Through Machine Learning - Forbes

Jen-Hsun Huang, president and chief executive officer of Nvidia Corp., gestures as he speaks during ... [+] the company's event at the 2019 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S., on Sunday, Jan. 6, 2019. CES showcases more than 4,500 exhibiting companies, including manufacturers, developers and suppliers of consumer technology hardware, content, technology delivery systems and more. Photographer: David Paul Morris/Bloomberg

We found that if Nvidia Stock drops 10% or more in a week (5 trading days), there is a solid 36% chance itll recover 10% or more, over the next month (about 20 trading days)

Nvidia stock has seen significant volatility this year. While the company has been impacted by the broader correction in the semiconductor space and the trade war between the U.S. and China, the stock is being supported by a strong long-term outlook for GPU demand amid growing applications in Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence.

Considering the recent price swings, we started with a simple question that investors could be asking about Nvidia stock: given a certain drop or rise, say a 10% drop in a week, what should we expect for the next week? Is it very likely that the stock will recover the next week? What about the next month or a quarter? You can test a variety of scenarios on the Trefis Machine Learning Engine to calculate if Nvidia stock dropped, whats the chance itll rise.

For example, after a 5% drop over a week (5 trading days), the Trefis machine learning engine says chances of an additional 5% drop over the next month, are about 40%. Quite significant, and helpful to know for someone trying to recover from a loss. Knowing what to expect for almost any scenario is powerful. It can help you avoid rash moves. Given the recent volatility in the market, the mix of macroeconomic events (including the trade war with China and interest rate easing by the U.S. Fed), we think investors can prepare better.

Below, we also discuss a few scenarios and answer common investor questions:

Question 1: Does a rise in Nvidia stock become more likely after a drop?

Answer:

Not really.

Specifically, chances of a 5% rise in Nvidia stock over the next month:

= 40%% after Nvidia stock drops by 5% in a week.

versus,

= 44.5% after Nvidia stock rises by 5% in a week.

Question 2: What about the other way around, does a drop in Nvidia stock become more likely after a rise?

Answer:

No.

Specifically, chances of a 5% decline in Nvidia stock over the next month:

= 40% after NVIDIA stock drops by 5% in a week

versus,

= 27% after NVIDIA stock rises by 5% in a week

Question 3: Does patience pay?

Answer:

According to data and Trefis machine learning engines calculations, largely yes!

Given a drop of 5% in Nvidia stock over a week (5 trading days), while there is only about 28% chance the Nvidia stock will gain 5% over the subsequent week, there is more than 58% chance this will happen in 6 months.

The table below shows the trend:

Trefis

Question 4: What about the possibility of a drop after a rise if you wait for a while?

Answer:

After seeing a rise of 5% over 5 days, the chances of a 5% drop in Nvidia stock are about 30% over the subsequent quarter of waiting (60 trading days). However, this chance drops slightly to about 29% when the waiting period is a year (250 trading days).

Whats behind Trefis? See How Its Powering New Collaboration and What-Ifs ForCFOs and Finance Teams|Product, R&D, and Marketing Teams More Trefis Data Like our charts? Exploreexample interactive dashboardsand create your own

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Machine Learning Answers: If Nvidia Stock Drops 10% A Week, Whats The Chance Itll Recoup Its Losses In A Month? - Forbes

Americas National Football league is turning to emerging technology to try to solve its ongoing challenges around player safety. The sports governing body says it has amassed huge amounts of data but wants to apply machine learning to gain better insights and predictive capabilities.

It is hoped the insights will inform new rules, safer equipment, and better injury rehabilitation methods. However, the data will not be available to independent researchers.

Last week the NFL announced a partnership with Amazon Web Services to provide the digital services including machine learning and digital twin applications. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.

As the NFL has reached hyper professionalisation, data suggests player injuries have worsened, particularly head injuries sustained through high impact collisions. Several retired players have been diagnosed with or report symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a neurodegenerative disease which can only be fully diagnosed post mortem.

As scrutiny has grown the NFL has responded with several rule changes and redesigning player helmets, both initiatives which it says has reduced concussions. However the league was also accused of failing to notify players of the links between concussions and brain injuries.

All of our initiatives on the health and safety side started with the engineering roadmap around minimising head impact on field, NFL executive vice president, Jeff Miller told Which-50 following the announcement.

Miller who is responsible for player health and safety, said the new technology is a new opportunity to minimise risk to players.

I think the speed, the pace of the insights that are available as a result of this [technology] are going to continue towards that same goal, hopefully in a much more efficient, and in fact mature, faster supersized scale.

Miller said the NFL has a responsibility to pass on the insights to lower levels of the game like high school and youth leagues. However, the data will not be available to external researchers initially.

As we find those insights I think were going to be able to share those, were going to be able to share those within the sport and hopefully over time outside of the sport as well.

NFL commissioner Roger Goodell announced the AWS deal, which builds on an existing partnership for game statistics, alongside Andy Jassy, the public cloud providers CEO, during the AWS:re:invent conference in Las Vegas last week.

Goodell said the NFL had amassed huge amounts of data from sensors and video feeds but needed the AWS tools to better leverage it.

When you take the combination of that the possibilities are enormous, the NFL boss said. We want to use the data to change the game. There are very few relationships we get involved with where the partner and the NFL can change the game.

When we apply next-generation technology to advance player health and safety, everyone wins from players to clubs to fans.

AWS machine learning tools will be applied to the data to help build a digital athlete, a type of digital twin which can be used to simulate certain scenarios including impacts.

The outcomes of our collaboration with AWS and what we will learn about the human body and how injuries happen could reach far beyond football, he said.

The author traveled to AWS re:Invent as a guest of Amazon.

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NFL Looks to Cloud and Machine Learning to Improve Player Safety - Which-50

Machine learning has rapidly become one of those buzzwords embraced by companies around the world. Even if they dont fully understand what it means, executives think that machine learning will magically transform their operations and generate massive profits. Thats good news for technologistsprovided they actually learn the technologys fundamentals, of course.

Amazon wants to help with the learning aspect of things. At this years AWS re:Invent, the company is previewing the DeepComposer, a 32-key keyboard thats designed to train you in machine learning fundamentals via the power of music.

No, seriously. AWS DeepComposer is the worlds first musical keyboard powered by machine learning to enable developers of all skill levels to learn Generative AI while creating original music outputs, reads Amazons ultra-helpful FAQ on the matter. DeepComposer consists of a USB keyboard that connects to the developers computer, and the DeepComposer service, accessed through the AWS Management Console.There are tutorials and training data included in the package.

Generative AI, the FAQ continues, allows computers to learn the underlying pattern of a given problem and use this knowledge to generate new content from input (such as image, music, and text). In other words, youre going to play a really simple song like Chopsticks, and this machine-learning platform will use that seed to build a four-hour Wagner-style opera. Just kidding! Or are we?

Jokes aside, the idea that a machine-learning platform can generate lots of data based on relatively little input is a powerful one. Of course, Amazon isnt totally altruistic in this endeavor; by serving as a training channel for up-and-coming technologists, the company obviously hopes that more people will turn to it for all of their machine learning and A.I. needs in future years. Those interested can sign up for the preview on a dedicated site.

This isnt the first time that Amazon has plunged into machine-learning training, either. Late last year, it introduced AWS DeepRacer, a model racecar designed to teach developers the principles of reinforcement learning. And in 2017, it rolled out AWS DeepLens camera, meant to introduce the technology world to Amazons take on computer vision and deep learning.

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For those who master the fundamentals of machine learning, the jobs can prove quite lucrative. In September, theIEEE-USA Salary & Benefits Salarysuggested that engineers with machine-learning knowledge make an annual average of $185,000. Earlier this year, meanwhile, Indeed pegged theaverage machine learning engineer salary at $146,085, and its job growth between 2015 and 2018 at 344 percent.

If youre not interested in Amazons version of a machine-learning education, there are other channels. For example, OpenAI, the sorta-nonprofit foundation (yes, its as odd as it sounds), hosts what it calls Gym, a toolkit for developing and comparing reinforcement algorithms; it also has a set of models and tools, along with a very extensive tutorialin deep reinforcement learning.

Google likewise has acrash course,complete with 25 lessons and 40+ exercises, thats a good introduction to machine learning concepts. Then theres Hacker Noon and its interesting breakdown of machine learning andartificial intelligence.

Once you have a firmer grasp on the core concepts, you can turn to Bloombergs Foundations of Machine Learning,a free online coursethat teaches advanced concepts such as optimization and kernel methods. A lot of math is involved.

Whatever learning route you take, its clear that machine learning skills have an incredible value right now. Familiarizing yourself through this technologywhether via traditional lessons or a musical keyboardcan only help your career in tech.

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Amazon Wants to Teach You Machine Learning Through Music? - Dice Insights

A small number of companies have begun developing new tools to measure employee engagement without requiring workers to fill out surveys or sit through focus groups. HR professionals and engagement experts are watching to see if these tools gain traction and lead to more effective cultural and retention strategies.

Two of these companiesNetherlands-based KeenCorp and San Franciscos Cultivateglean data from day-to-day internal communications. KeenCorp analyzes patterns in an organizations (anonymized) email traffic to gauge changes in the level of tension experienced by a team, department or entire organization. Meanwhile, Cultivate analyzes manager email (and other digital communications) to provide leadership coaching.

These companies are likely to pitch to a ready audience of employers, especially in the technology space. With IT unemployment hovering around 2 percent, corporate and HR leaders cant help but be nervous about hiring and retention. When competition for talent is fierce, companies are likely to add more and more sweeteners to each offer until they reel in the candidates they want. Then theres the matter of retaining those employees in the face of equally sweet counteroffers.

Thats why businesses utilize a lot of effort and money on keeping their workers engaged. Companies spend more than $720 million annually on engagement, according to the Harvard Business Review. Yet their efforts have managed to engage just 13 percent of the workforce.

Given the competitive advantage tech organizations enjoy when their teams are happy and productivenot to mention the money they save by keeping employees in placeengagement and retention are critical. But HR cant create and maintain an engagement strategy if it doesnt know the workforces mindset. So companies have to measure, and they measure primarily through surveys.

Today, many experts believe surveys dont provide the information employers need to understand their workforces attitudes. Traditional surveys have their place, they say, but more effective methods are needed. They see the answer, of course, in artificial intelligence (A.I.) and machine learning (ML).

One issue with surveys is they only capture a part of the information, and thats the part that the employee is willing to release, said KeenCorp co-founder Viktor Mirovic. When surveyed, respondents often hold back information, he explained, leaving unsaid data that has an effect similar to unheard data.

I could try to raise an issue that you may not be open to because you have a prejudice, Mirovic added. If tools dont account for whats left unsaid and unheard, he argued, they provide an incomplete picture.

As an analogy, Mirovic described studies of combat aircraft damaged in World War II. By identifying where the most harm occurred, designers thought they could build safer planes. However, the study relied on the wrong data, Mirovic said. Why? Because they only looked at the planes that came back. The aircraft that presumably suffered the most grievous damagethose that were shot downwerent included in the research.

None of this means traditional surveys surveys dont provide value. I think the traditional methods are still useful, said Alex Kracov, head of marketing for Lattice, a San Francisco-based workforce management platform that focuses on small and mid-market employers. Sometimes just the idea of starting to track engagement in the first place, just to get a baseline, is really useful and can be powerful.

For example, Lattice itself recently surveyed its 60 employees for the first time. It was really interesting to see all of the data available and how people were feeling about specific themes and questions, he said. Similarly, Kracov believes that newer methods such as pulse surveyswhich are brief studies conducted at regular intervalscan prove useful in monitoring employee satisfaction, productivity and overall attitude.

Whereas surveys require an employees active participation, the up-and-coming tools dont ask them to do anything more than their work. When KeenCorps technology analyzes a companys email traffic, its looking for changes in the patterns of word use and compositional style. Fluctuations in the products index signify changes in collective levels of tension. When a change is flagged, HR can investigate to determine why attitudes are in flux and then proceed accordingly, either solving a problem or learning a lesson.

When I ask you a question, you have to think about the answer, Mirovic said. Once you think about the answer, you start to include all kinds of other attributes. You know, youre my boss or youve just given me a raise or youre married to my sister. Those could all affect my response. What we try to do is go in as objectively as possible, without disturbing people as we observe them in their natural habitats.

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Measuring Employee Engagement with A.I. and Machine Learning - Dice Insights

Enlarge / Machine learning is really good at turning pictures of normal things into pictures of eldritch horrors.

Jim Salter

Artificial Intelligenceor, if you prefer, Machine Learningis today's hot buzzword. Unlike many buzzwords have come before it, though, this stuff isn't vaporware dreamsit's real, it's here already, and it's changing your life whether you realize it or not.

Before we go too much further, let's talk quickly about that term "Artificial Intelligence." Yes, it's warranted; no, it doesn't mean KITT from Knight Rider, or Samantha, the all-too-human unseen digital assistant voiced by Scarlett Johansson in 2013'sHer. Aside from being fictional, KITT and Samantha are examples ofstrong artificial intelligence, also known as Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). On the other hand, artificial intelligencewithout the "strong" or "general" qualifiersis an established academic term dating back to the 1955 proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Project on Artificial Intelligence (DSRPAI), written by Professors John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky.

All "artificial intelligence" really means is a system that emulates problem-solving skills normally seen in humans or animals. Traditionally, there are two branches of AIsymbolic and connectionist. Symbolic means an approach involving traditional rules-based programminga programmer tells the computer what to expect and how to deal with it, very explicitly. The "expert systems" of the 1980s and 1990s were examples of symbolic (attempts at) AI; while occasionally useful, it's generally considered impossible to scale this approach up to anything like real-world complexity.

NBCUniversal

Artificial Intelligence in the commonly used modern sense almost always refers to connectionist AI. Connectionist AI, unlike symbolic AI, isn't directly programmed by a human. Artificial neural networks are the most common type of connectionist AI, also sometimes referred to as machine learning. My colleague Tim Lee just got done writing about neural networks last weekyou can get caught up right here.

If you wanted to build a system that could drive a car, instead of programming it directly you might attach a sufficiently advanced neural network to its sensors and controls, and then let it "watch" a human driving for tens of thousands of hours. The neural network begins to attach weights to events and patterns in the data flow from its sensors that allow it to predict acceptable actions in response to various conditions. Eventually, you might give the network conditional control of the car's controls and allow it to accelerate, brake, and steer on its ownbut still with a human available. The partially trained neural network can continue learning in response to when the human assistant takes the controls away from it. "Whoops, shouldn't have donethat," and the neural network adjusts weighted values again.

Sounds very simple, doesn't it? In practice, not so muchthere are many different types of neural networks (simple, convolutional, generative adversarial, and more), and none of them is very bright on its ownthe brightest is roughly similar in scale to a worm's brain. Most complex, really interesting tasks will require networks of neural networks that preprocess data to find areas of interest, pass those areas of interest onto other neural networks trained to more accurately classify them, and so forth.

One last piece of the puzzle is that, when dealing with neural networks, there are two major modes of operation: inference and training. Training is just what it sounds likeyou give the neural network a large batch of data that represents a problem space, and let it chew through it, identifying things of interest and possibly learning to match them to labels you've provided along with the data. Inference, on the other hand, is using an already-trained neural network to give you answers in a problem space that it understands.

Both inference and training workloads can operate several orders of magnitude more rapidly on GPUs than on general-purpose CPUsbut that doesn't necessarily mean you want to do absolutely everything on a GPU. It's generally easier and faster to runsmall jobs directly on CPUs rather than invoking the initial overhead of loading models and data into a GPU and its onboard VRAM, so you'll very frequently see inference workloads run on standard CPUs.

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Cloudy with a chance of neurons: The tools that make neural networks work - Ars Technica

Bots are a lot like humans: Some are cute. Some are ugly. Some are harmless. Some are menacing. Some are friendly. Some are annoying ... and a little racist. Bots serve their creators and society as helpers, spies, educators, servants, lab technicians, and artists. Sometimes, they save lives. Occasionally, they destroy them.

In the 2010s, automation got better, cheaper, and way less avoidable. Its still mysterious, but no longer foreign; the most Extremely Online among us interact with dozens of AIs throughout the day. That means driving directions are more reliable, instant translations are almost good enough, and everyone gets to be an adequate portrait photographer, all powered by artificial intelligence. On the other hand, each of us now sees a personalized version of the world that is curated by an AI to maximize engagement with the platform. And by now, everyone from fruit pickers to hedge fund managers has suffered through headlines about being replaced.

Humans and tech have always coexisted and coevolved, but this decade brought us closer togetherand closer to the futurethan ever. These days, you dont have to be an engineer to participate in AI projects; in fact, you have no choice but to help, as youre constantly offering your digital behavior to train AIs.

So heres how we changed our bots this decade, how they changed us, and where our strange relationship is going as we enter the 2020s.

All those little operational tweaks in our day come courtesy of a specific scientific approach to AI called machine learning, one of the most popular techniques for AI projects this decade. Thats when AI is tasked not only with finding the answers to questions about data sets, but with finding the questions themselves; successful deep learning applications require vast amounts of data and the time and computational power to self-test over and over again.

Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, uses neural networks to extract its own rules and adjust them until it can return the right results; other machine learning techniques might use Bayesian networks, vector maps, or evolutionary algorithms to achieve the same goal.

In January, Technology Reviews Karen Hao released an exhaustive analysis of recent papers in AI that concluded that machine learning was one of the defining features of AI research this decade. Machine learning has enabled near-human and even superhuman abilities in transcribing speech from voice, recognizing emotions from audio or video recordings, as well as forging handwriting or video, Hao wrote. Domestic spying is now a lucrative application for AI technologies, thanks to this powerful new development.

Haos report suggests that the age of deep learning is finally drawing to a close, but the next big thing may have already arrived. Reinforcement learning, like generative adversarial networks (GANs), pits neural nets against one another by having one evaluate the work of the other and distribute rewards and punishments accordinglynot unlike the way dogs and babies learn about the world.

The future of AI could be in structured learning. Just as young humans are thought to learn their first languages by processing data input from fluent caretakers with their internal language grammar, computers can also be taught how to teach themselves a taskespecially if the task is to imitate a human in some capacity.

This decade, artificial intelligence went from being employed chiefly as an academic subject or science fiction trope to an unobtrusive (though occasionally malicious) everyday companion. AIs have been around in some form since the 1500s or the 1980s, depending on your definition. The first search indexing algorithm was AltaVista in 1995, but it wasnt until 2010 that Google quietly introduced personalized search results for all customers and all searches. What was once background chatter from eager engineers has now become an inescapable part of daily life.

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One function after another has been turned over to AI jurisdiction, with huge variations in efficacy and consumer response. The prevailing profit model for most of these consumer-facing applications, like social media platforms and map functions, is for users to trade their personal data for minor convenience upgrades, which are achieved through a combination of technical power, data access, and rapid worker disenfranchisement as increasingly complex service jobs are doubled up, automated away, or taken over by AI workers.

The Harvard social scientist Shoshana Zuboff explained the impact of these technologies on the economy with the term surveillance capitalism. This new economic system, she wrote, unilaterally claims human experience as free raw material for translation into behavioural data, in a bid to make profit from informed gambling based on predicted human behavior.

Were already using machine learning to make subjective decisionseven ones that have life-altering consequences. Medical applications are only some of the least controversial uses of artificial intelligence; by the end of the decade, AIs were locating stranded victims of Hurricane Maria, controlling the German power grid, and killing civilians in Pakistan.

The sheer scope of these AI-controlled decision systems is why automation has the potential to transform society on a structural level. In 2012, techno-socialist Zeynep Tufekci pointed out the presence on the Obama reelection campaign of an unprecedented number of data analysts and social scientists, bringing the traditional confluence of marketing and politics into a new age.

Intelligence that relies on data from an unjust world suffers from the principle of garbage in, garbage out, futurist Cory Doctorow observed in a recent blog post. Diverse perspectives on the design team would help, Doctorow wrote, but when it comes to certain technology, there might be no safe way to deploy:

It doesnt help that data collection for image-based AI has so far taken advantage of the most vulnerable populations first. The Facial Recognition Verification Testing Program is the industry standard for testing the accuracy of facial recognition tech; passing the program is imperative for new FR startups seeking funding.

But the datasets of human faces that the program uses are sourced, according to a report from March, from images of U.S. visa applicants, arrested people who have since died, and children exploited by child pornography. The report found that the majority of data subjects were people who had been arrested on suspicion of criminal activity. None of the millions of faces in the programs data sets belonged to people who had consented to this use of their data.

State-level efforts to regulate AI finally emerged this decade, with some success. The European Unions General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), enforceable from 2018, limits the legal uses of valuable AI training datasets by defining the rights of the data subject (read: us); the GDPR also prohibits the black box model for machine learning applications, requiring both transparency and accountability on how data are stored and used. At the end of the decade, Google showed the class how not to regulate when they built, and then scrapped, an external AI ethics panel a week later, feigning shock at all the negative reception.

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Even attempted regulation is a good sign. It means were looking at AI for what it is: not a new life form that competes for resources, but as a formidable weapon. Technological tools are most dangerous in the hands of malicious actors who already hold significant power; you can always hire more programmers. During the long campaign for the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the Putin-backed IRA Twitter botnet campaignsessentially, teams of semi-supervised bot accounts that spread disinformation on purpose and learn from real propagandainfiltrated the very mechanics of American democracy.

Keeping up with AI capacities as they grow will be a massive undertaking. Things could still get much, much worse before they get better; authoritarian governments around the world have a tendency to use technology to further consolidate power and resist regulation.

Tech capabilities have long since proved too fast for traditional human lawmakers, but one hint of what the next decade might hold comes from AIs themselves, who are beginning to be deployed as weapons against the exact type of disinformation other AIs help to create and spread. There now exists, for example, a neural net devoted explicitly to the task of identifying neural net disinformation campaigns on Twitter. The neural nets name is Grover, and its really good at this.

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The Bot Decade: How AI Took Over Our Lives in the 2010s - Popular Mechanics