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Transhumanism calendar of events, Transhumanist Groups and Contacts in Your Area, Transhumanism and disability, Transhumanism and Feminism, Transhumanism related papers, Transhumanism links, Extension of Life/Aging, Bionics (Eyes, Cochlear Implants, Tracking devices, Cognitive Sciences/AI)

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Transhumanism - International Centre/Center for Bioethics ...

From transhuman, to transhumanism: What is the definition, and what is the movement that it inspires? This page will serve as an overview. We are talking about the next stage of human evolution; the immortalization of humanity; a future where human and machine is one in the same.

[social_share/] The popularity of transhumanism as an ideology has arguably been on an exponentialrise since the 1990s, as is most notable in the graph below. The graph displays the frequency of which the word transhumanism has featured in published books. We have displayed this graph to compare it to the use of the simple, more ideologically free word transhuman.

By simple definition, transhuman is defined onWikipedia as an intermediary form between the human and the hypothetical posthuman. We add complexity with the simple Oxford definition of transhuman/transhumanist The belief or theory that the human race can evolve beyond its current physical and mental limitations, especially by means of science and technology. I argue that this is as far as the definition of a transhumanist should go. It is merely a person who agrees humanity should have the freedom to enhance itself through its merger with technology.

Political scientist, Francis Fukuyama,describes transhumanismas the worlds most dangerous idea. Countering this, science writerRonald Bailey asserts that it is amovement that epitomizes the most daring, courageous, imaginative, and idealistic aspirations of humanity.

What the above commenters fail to understand itthat both arguments stand true. In humanities aspiration for transhuman evolution, we will face huge dangers. Failing to understand those dangers because of over optimism is just as dangerous as ignorantly fighting against innovation though pessimistic fear/paranoia.

I argue that the optimistic/pessimistic contrast has a charging effect for the calls for transhumanist defence/attack. This in effect encourages people to define transhumanism beyond its pure definition.

In explaining this, its advocates sometimes say that we are all transhumanists, said Cook. We use glasses; we wear dentures; we take caffeine; we have pacemakers. This is true, but the nub of transhumanism is extending human capacities, not just repairing defects in the way we are now.http://www.catholicworldreport.com/Item/2616/the_surprising_spread_and_cultural_impact_of_transhumanism.aspx

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Transhumanism News - That's Really Possible

Put simply Transhumanism is the belief that technology can allow us to improve, enhance and overcome the limits of our biology. More specifically, transhumanists such as Max More, Natasha Vita-More and Ray Kurzweil believe that by merging man and machine via biotechnology, molecular nanotechnologies, and artificial intelligence, one day science will yield humans that have increased cognitive abilities, are physically stronger, emotionally more stable and have indefinite life-spans. This path, they say, will eventually lead to "posthuman" intelligent (augmented) beings far superior to man - a near embodiment of god.

Transhumanism 101 with Natasha Vita-More

Transhumanism is both misunderstood and feared. Ignorant people with an ideological agenda have gone as far as labeling it "the most dangerous idea." I thought that it is time to bring some basic intellectual clarity on the topic and who is better prepared to help us do that but "the first female philosopher of transhumanism"!?

Max More - The Singularity and Transhumanism

Some of the main issues here are:

Can humanity continue to survive and prosper by embracing technology or will technology eventually bring forth the end of the human race altogether?

Will humanity get polarized into neo-luddite technophobes (such as Samuel Butler and Ted Kaczynski) or transhumanist technophiles (such as Max More, Natasha Vita-More, Ray Kurzweil, Hans Moravec and Nick Bostrom)?

Does that mean that wide spread global conflict may be impossible to avoid?

Is transhumanism turning into a new "religion" for certain scientists? (with "prophets" such as Ray Kurzweil and Vernor Vinge) Or, is it a viable scientific hypothesis?

Who will be the dominant species?

What is the essence of being human?

Do you agree or disagree with the content of this page? Do you want to improve it? Do you want to post some great singularity content of your own? Why not share it here at Singularity Symposium?!

Click below to see contributions from other visitors to this page...

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Transhumanism and the Technological Singularity

Transhumanism, Ethics, and the Internet: A Dispatch from the "Transhuman Visions" conference

By Brian Green

Transhumanism is a contemporary worldview whose proponents seek to radically extend human life and grant humans enhancements in an effort to render them as powerful as possible. The first-ever Transhuman Visions conference, organized by Hank Pellissier of the Brighter Brains Institute, met on February 1, 2014, in San Francisco, California. I attended because I have longstanding academic interests in the technological, religious, sociological, psychological, and ethical aspects of transhumanism.

The very first speaker at the conference, Roen Horn, reflected some of the complex religious aspects of transhumanism; he used a lot of Christian imagery, while at the same time denying that we can appeal to a (possibly imaginary) God for our immortality. In his view, if we want to be immortal, we have to do it on our own. Atheism, anti-theism, agnosticism, and new age spirituality were subtexts in many of the presentations. Horn's use of the catch phrase "eternal life pirates never surrender" also presented something of both the whimsy and the seriousness of the movement.

Another speaker, Rich Lee, was a "grinder" a devotee of do-it-yourself technological body modification. He had inserted magnetic implants in his own body in order to augment his own sensory perception, and electronic RFID chips into his hands so as to wirelessly control locks and other items that require identification to operate. Transhumanism and extreme body modification share the idea of the manipulability of the human body in accord with the human will. This is a movement that might grow in popularity yet remain somewhat limited in its appeal, at least for the near-termas tattoos and body modification currently remain.

Several speakers discussed ways to increase health and longevity. Caloric restriction is the only well-proven way to extend life, but very few people actually follow it, since it is rather unpleasant. These speakers discussed a few ways, such as periodic fasting, to get some of the perceived benefits of caloric restriction without having to actually starve oneself. Among other things, the speakers also recommended wearing orange glasses in the evenings in order to prevent artificial lights from interfering with natural bodily rhythms that promote a good night's sleep.

Aubrey de Grey was the most prominent speaker at the conference. Something of a celebrity in the radical life-extension community, de Grey discussed ways to popularize the life-extension movement so as to gain more funding for its research. He argued that significant gains could be made with just $50 billion invested in anti-aging research. One clever audience member asked if de Grey would shave his long beard for a crowd-funded $5 million donation, to which de Grey replied "yes!" and then even lowered the bar to $1 million; what happens to his beard remains to be seen.

Perhaps the most interesting speaker, and one who gained great applause from the audience, was Randal Koene, who discussed his initiative to get all those working in fields relevant to "whole brain emulation" (WBE) to cooperate in their efforts. Transhumanists see WBE as a kind of Holy Grail of life extension because they believe it will allow them to upload their minds into computers and thus attain complete immortality, with humans living inside a computer network as "substrate independent minds" (SIMs). Personally, I am skeptical of the relevance of this idea to life extension, since WBEs in a computer will not be "alive" in any biological sense (a rather key aspect of "life extension")nor do I think minds can be substrate independent. Of more relevance for life extension is neural prosthetic technology, which allows brain damage to be repaired through brain-computer interfaces. This technology is actually progressing very rapidly, with brain damaged tissue already electronically restored in animals. One might reasonably ask where the dividing line between neuroprosthetics and WBE might be: How much brain has to be replaced before the prosthetic is your brain? Could a brain-dead person be restored to life with a partial or whole-brain prostheses? But these questions will not be resolved by debate but by actual experiments.

Another speaker at the conference, Zoltan Istvan, proposed the idea that those who speak out against transhumanism might be committing a crime because they are advocating a worldview that will lead to many deaths. Perhaps such speech should be banned, he proposed. Needless to say, such a course of action would raise some grave ethical questions. This type of thinking, which could perhaps lead to a type of totalitarian transhumanism, is something that I had not heard much about before.

Utopianism was a definite ethical theme at the conference. For transhumanists, Utopia means humanity without death and with godlike powers. Utopia is a "greatest good," all other goods are subordinate to it, including, as noted above, the pleasure of eating, the absence of pain from body modifications, existence as a body of flesh, and perhaps even freedoms (of speech, etc.). As an infinite good, however, Utopia can be used to morally justify anything (by arguing that in the face of an infinite good any finite evil is negligible). This can be extremely dangerous.

While transhumanism has existed primarily as an Internet-based movement for a couple of decades now, the Transhuman Visions conference was an event intended to build face to face human relationships. As the movement has grown in popularity, especially in the tech-friendly Bay Area, it has finally passed a critical threshold, so that now in-person contact starts to make sense for those interested in it. The conference had approximately 300 attendees.

As for me, I am a transhumanism enthusiast, but also a skeptic. While I see no intrinsic moral problems with extending healthy human life as long as we can (realizing that important related questions of justice, cost, accessibility, side-effects, etc., would also need to be addressed), I do not think material immortality is possible in this world. As material creatures subject to entropy, we must eventually break down and die. The existential denial of our own mortality is an evasion, not a solution. But transhumanism does not stop at evasion; it is a social movement with a lot of highly motivated and intelligent people, and is actively researching solutions of many types. I was very impressed by several of the people I spoke to. Some were there because they were deeply concerned about the health of their loved ones and they saw transhumanism as the chance to save their loved one's lives.

Research into extending healthy life is a worthy task and not one to be discouraged. While the extreme search for immortality is, I think, futile, and futile acts can be morally problematic, the general effort to extend life is not futile, and is certainly something that would interest many people. Significantly lengthened lifespans will likely not appear quickly, but by a long slow process of medical advance, and those individual medical advances, compounding over time, will be a very good thing.

Brian Green is assistant director of campus ethics at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics and an adjunct professor teaching ethics in the SCU Graduate School of Engineering.

February 2014

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Transhumanism, Ethics, and the Internet

Revealed: the TRUE power of healing frequency music therapy

7 Amazing New Musical Tones Found to Relieve Stress, Promote Healing, Break Negative Cycles,

Erase Shame & Guilt, and Restore Damaged DNA In Minutes

What if I told you that by simply listening to a certain kind of music your body could unlock the power to correct emotional and physical ailments even deadly diseases?

I know youd think I was nuts!

But youd be wrong because

Ive witnessed and experienced this healing power first-hand

I need you to read Michael Tyrrells story so you can see for yourself what Ive been experiencing over the past several months (since April).

I met Michael many years ago and we hit it off instantly. Since then, hes become a dear friend of mine. He is a spiritual man with a deep love for God and people.

In fact, he contributes natural health articles nearly every month in his Spiritual Wellness column of our publication we call Home Cures That Work.

In addition to being an inspiring writer, Michaels also a powerful speaker and a fantastic musician. (He can play guitar like Steve Vai & Eddie Van Halen!)

Recently, Michael finished a project that has been stirring inside of him for nearly 20 years. Some have called this his Magnum Opus or lifes work. And I am honored to be the person who is bringing this project to you, and the world.

He has revealed 7 ancient musical tones and frequencies that have the amazing potential to help your body heal itself and facilitate hard-to-explain results (many would call them miraculous).

Heres a list of some of the things people are saying:

Erases feelings of fear and guilt

Replaces sluggishness and lethargy with quick, sharp energy

Corrects problems in your blood, muscles, joints kidneys and liver without dangerous drugs

Neutralizes immune system and hormonal imbalances

Almost instantly soothes feelings of unrest, anxiety, and depression

Restores full, healthy function to your heart, adrenal glands, and circulatory system

Experiences deep spiritual and emotional healing

He took it upon himself to record 7 beautiful songs using these very same tones Wholetones as he calls them

Today, I want you to have this beautiful, healing music for yourself

All you have to do is click here to see the full story behind this project, and listen to the music

Now Im a little embarrassed to admit that I was a bit skeptical at first, until I listened to the music myself and experienced the inner healing.

Yes these amazing tones have proven to have a SHOCKING power to facilitate healing in your body and in your life

Michael first experienced the power of these songs when he played a certain note, tuned to the 741Hz frequency, on his guitar while sitting next to his mother the day before she went in for surgery to remove a cancerous pancreatic tumor (youve got to hear that story!) - and Im thrilled to say shes still with us, 9 years later cancer-free.

Personally, Ive listened to all these amazing songs over and over... and found they relieve my stress, calm my nerves, ease my breathing, and allow me to be more focused and productive on my multiple work projects.

And thats not all Listen to the testimony of Joe Barton, the producer of Wholetones:

"Ive also used these same songs to soothe my OWN mother with late stage cancer.

This past spring, my moms stage-IV cancer took a turn for the worse. When we were together on Easter, she and I wept as we listened to the music together. The song is called Great Awakening, and is recorded in the frequency of 741Hz. Im not sure how to explain it or scientifically validate it, but what I do know is this: It helped us to heal emotionally, and let everything go. Both mom and I can attest...

Soothing, spiritual, and really hard to explain this music resonates and benefits the whole self mind, body, and spirit.

Trust me, you WILL believe in the healing power of this music once you hear Michaels story.

See Michaels story right now it costs you nothing but a few moments of your time

Listen to the music.

This could be the answer to your prayers.

Yours for vibrant, amazing health,

Joe Barton

CEO & Founder of Barton Publishing

Publisher of Wholetones: The Healing Frequency Music Project.

P.S. If you want to know exactly what the divine gift of healing is Im talking about and how it could help you stay healthy and vibrant, for the rest of your life, then all you have to do is read more here. This special announcement is completely FREE. "

END OF TESTIMONY

Wholetones - The Healing Power of Music

The Miracle of Music on Your Health Hertz that Heal 7 Ways Music Promotes Spiritual Health

Seven unique songs recorded in seven unique frequencies on seven CDs results in 2.5 hours of beautiful, transformational music.

Listeners say that Wholetones facilitates spontaneous healing in the body and the music brings a tangible sense of peace that permeates their home. Entrepreneurs have reported increased focus and productivity, leading to breakthrough ideas. Artists, musicians and writers are experiencing heightened levels of creativity and vision.

Wholetones is ideal music for: prayer rooms, hospice care facilities, nursing homes, hospitals, waiting rooms, offices, family counselors, massage therapists, schools, and more.

For FREE Samples:-) http://www.shareasale.com/r.cfm?B=698090&U=628601&M=15863

Peace, wellbeing and an openness to receive healing. Defense mechanisms lower, and unhealthy fear, guilt and shame diminishes. Known to positively support blood, liver function, bones, brain health (neurotransmission) and kidney function.

Break negative cycles such as procrastination, self-medication, eating junk food, and more. Sluggishness and lethargy disappear. Known to positively affect digestion, stomach issues, metabolism, prostate, gallbladder, headache, and lower back problems.

The Key of David is far more than a frequency, it is the master key that precipitates the other frequencies. As a tonic key, it contains multiple health benefits and has been known to establish peace in the midst of chaos.

Transform restores broken DNA, the source of disease. Known to positively balance hormones, pelvic issues, PMS, pre-menopause, muscle tension, pericardium heart muscle, weight problems, lymphatic and circulation issues.

The Bridge fosters forgiveness and peace in relationships. Known to positively effective the endocrine system especially the adrenal glands, as well as gallbladder issues.

Deep spiritual and emotional healing. Awareness of ones spirit. Known to positively affect thymus and immune system, cleansing of infection (viral, bacterial, and fungal), upset stomach, pancreas, heart, blood and circulatory system.

The Majestic is a celebration of the Kings of Kings, His love for mankind and His returning for those who wait for Him. This frequency appears to be purely spiritual. Connects us in worship of God.

http://www.shareasale.com/r.cfm?b=697873&u=628601&m=15863

About The Musician And The Man, Today, our culture depends mostly on online communication. And because of my desire to retain some semblance of a personal connection with the people that find Wholetones beneficial to them, who am I to argue?

So, if you dont mind, Ill be sharing my personal musings, discoveries, and Wholetones, insider information with you on a weekly basis over the Internet!

And heres why thats so exciting

It means that as future Wholetones projects are developed, YOU will be the first to hear about them! Keeping my friends in the loop is one small way I can say thank you for making Wholetones such a huge success.

Now let me share whats on my heart today as I write you.

If youve read my book, Wholetones The Sound Of Healing, you may recall the chapter, Proximity vs. Perspective. One common characteristic of most successful people is their ability to see a situation from several, often unrelated angles. Those who possess this characteristic remain open minded which is often born of a non-linear thinking process. Closed-minded people often miss the big picture because they fixate on only one detail.

Sadly, many wont wait for the BIG PICTURE to unfold before forming an opinion. Thats because all of us are conditioned to believe that our broken perspective of a constantly repeating pattern is the bottom line.

The 5 blind men and the elephant story, supports my musing. With their skewed perspective, none of them actually "saw" an elephant, only a phantom of their own imagination.

Its been said there are two sides to every story and the truth exists somewhere in between. I believe there are often far more than two sides to a story and that the truth can be found if we pursue it ALL the sides!

Friend, rarely a day goes by that I am not asked, So, how did you come up with Wholetones? The honest truth is, - and this is important I finally learned to get out the way...

You see, Wholetones did not come from my intelligence, gifting, or raw talentit was a gift from God, just waiting to be received! Once I was willing to leave my formal way of, composing, creating and thinking aside Wholetones found me!

And, when your dreams demand a revelation far above your pay grade the first step of seeing that dream become a reality is for you to get out of the way! For me, that simple step made all the difference. The second step is to ignore the naysayers that tell you it cant be done. For this youll need to grow some thick skin. Remember, NOTHING is impossible for those who believe and refuse to give up.

I hope this note brings you another step closer to seeing what lives in your heart become a reality. I will leave you with a video I recorded to help you on your journey.

Visit link:
Abundant Profit Club News

Learn How to Meditate. Meditation Techniques for Positive Thinking, Health and Wellness!

Free meditations offer a large collection of meditation techniques to hopefully reduce stress and attain peace of mind. Please explore our positive informative site and in the process rediscover the wonderful and positive part of your self that dwells within. We believe Free Meditations offers one of the best collections of meditation techniques available on the web.

The aim of free meditations is to bring inner peace within our self and the world in a positive and spiritual way. The world is not a peaceful place and within every soul there is some form of tension and stress. It is therefore essential to create positive and peaceful thoughts to bring peace to our mind. Meditation is one of the best methods to bring about transformation and nurture the natural qualities within.

The best way that we can create that change is to change our thoughts from being negative to positive. The positive discovery about meditation is that we are focusing within our self and becoming free of negativity. Meditation techniques simply involve a process of transforming yourself, your thoughts, and recognizing the negative thoughts, and changing them into positive and peaceful thoughts.

The best attitude towards meditation is to be very patient as the mind does not always want to focus. Having a sense of expectation towards positive results can create uncomfortable pressure and thus take away the enjoyment of the experience. By practicing meditation regularly, the person whom meditates gains a wonderful sense of the self.

Meditation is a self healing process, any form of stress is a sign of our negative thinking and Dis ease within our mind. If we don't attend to dis ease in the mind we may find that chronic stress can lead to disease of the body.

Open my minds eye so I may see and feel Your shinning light presence close to me. Give me inner strength for my stumbling feet as I battle the crowd on life's busy street. And widen the vision of my unseeing minds eye so in passing faces I'll recognize not just a stranger, unloved, and unknown, but a friend with a heart and soul that is much like my own.

~Author~ Ruth Ann Mahaffey

Meditation is a form of stress management that will allow our mind to experience an oasis of peace and love within our heart and mind. Meditation gave me back control over my life so that no matter what was happening externally whether it was positive or negative I could still develop control over my thoughts and thus control the emotions and feeling in my mind. NO one can control eradicate adversity in life but you can master the way you respond in regards to your thinking processes. Take control now master your mind through one of the meditation techniques and you will forever be able to be the peaceful beacon in the eye of the storm of any adversity.

Daily meditations to free the mind from stress

Freeing Yourself from Worries with Waves of Light Meditation

The Importance of Meditation

Hi, Iregularlythrough your website and I love it.Ifind that your affirmations in particular seemed to make my day brighter and I have become a happier as a person. I now wake up every morning and think of somethingpositive, knowing that my day was going to be great and so was I. I just wanted to say thanks to you for having such a great place where people can go to learn how to get into touch with themselves. ~ Kind regards Julie

I love your website, it has helped me so much. There is one in particular that Itry to start my morning with every day. If for some reason I am not able to and something comes up I can just recall it. I sit on the porch, take my three deep breaths and I am there... I know before I start that I will be at peace soon. So thank you so much. ~ Sarah

What a wonderful web site.. May Loads of Blessings Come Your Way. This is a Great Service to the World. Peace, Love and Light ~ Jean Marie, Rochester, New York

I am so grateful for your site. What a beautiful offering. Many Blessings to you. ~ Sue

I wish to thank you for your wonderful guidelines on Meditation techniques.Your website is inspiring & informative. Thank you. ~ Dr.Saravanan,India

You must accept and agree to our Privacy Policy to use our Services.

Be a light to others and you wont stumble on your own path. Meditation is a process of careful thought consideration.

Please email your thoughts, suggestions, opinions and inspirations to us via our Contact Us page

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Free Meditations - Learn How to Meditate for Health and Wellness

Gulf Breeze Aerobics and Fitness is the most popular health club in the Gulf Breeze, Milton, Pensacola and Pace area. We offer the best fitness classes, to include Crossfit, Aerobics, Pilaties, Crossfit, Step, Ball and Sculpt, Body Combat, Core and Stretch, Circuit Training, Cycling, Strength and Conditioning and Yoga classes in the area.

Our goal is to inspire our members with unrivaled energy, and provide the finest equipment and fitness knowledge available to help our members achieve their individual goals.

Gulf Breeze Aerobics and Fitness offers:

Gulf Breeze Aerobics and Fitness offers a wide variety of cardiovascular and weight training equipment. Included at our Gulf Breeze location is Cybex, Streamline, Hammer Strength, Icarian, and Flexmasters. We also have fully electronic fitness equipment to help you maximize your workout routine. It includes Lifesteps, Lifecycles, Precor, recumbent cycles, and treadmills.

Gulf Breeze Aerobics and Fitness is proud to offer a nationally certified staff with great fitness experience. Classes are offered throughout the week, ranging from low-impact to step to yoga. Daily schedules are from early mornings to late night classes. We offer the Best Fitness training in the area.

Our certified staff will meet with each new member to discuss the formulation of a workout program. They will educate on proper workout techniques to ensure their success and help them reach their goals. If you are looking for a personal trainer in Gulf Breeze, Pensacola, Milton or the Pace area, look no farther, you have found the best.

Our clubs are open 7 days a week from early mornings to late at night. Whether you have a question about an exercise or a service, our friendly staff is ready to assist you.

Gulf Breeze Pensacola Pace Milton

1147 Gulf Breeze Parkway Gulf Breeze, Florida 1 (850) 934-0335

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Gulf Breeze Aerobics and Crossfit

Osh (, osh?) is a Buddhist priest (in charge of a temple);[1] honorific title of preceptor or high priest (esp. in Zen or Pure Land Buddhism). The same kanji are also pronounced kash as an honorific title of preceptor or high priest in Tendai or Kegon Buddhism and waj as an honorofic title of preceptor or high priest in Shingon, Hoss, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism.

Osh is the Japanese reading of the Chinese he shang (), meaning a high-ranking Buddhist monk or highly virtuous Buddhist monk. It is also a respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general and may be used with the suffix -san.

According to the Kjien Japanese dictionary and the Kanjigen dictionary of Chinese character source meanings, it is originally derived from the Sanskrit upadhyaya, meaning "master" in the sense of "teacher".

The literally meaning is "self-taught Buddhist monk/teacher"[web 1] The Chinese term "he-shang" is derived from the Sanskrit word upadhyaya or acharya:

As the new Buddhist students and scholars, who eventually became teachers and practitioners, had to give a name to themselves, they came up with a name in Khotanese dialect that supposedly translated the Sanskrit word upadhyaya which

meant 'teacher". It is also possible that it is a translation (or transliteration) of the Sanskrit word acharya, an Indian word that has a higher connotation--a teacher of religion, or the truth itself.[web 1]

The standard English translation of osh has become priest, it has a somewhat different connotation in Zen:

While priest may be associated with ceremonial functions which cause many Western Zen practitioners to balk there is another way to read the term, simply as a "technologist of the spirit." Within the Zen tradition, this would suggest a certain mastery of one or more of the Zen arts of contemplation. If we consider the word priest literally means elder, from the Latin presbyter, a Zen priest would be both a trained technologist of the spirit and an elder with the community.[web 2]

According to the Kjien, the two characters making up the word are actually pronounced osh only in the Zen and Pure Land sects. For example, they are read kash in the Tendai sect and waj in the Shingon sect.

Osh became an honorific title for Zen-masters", meaning "harmonious respect":

When the Zen masters referred to themselves, or their disciples addressed them, they would often use this word, heshang. As it originally meant simply a "self-taught Buddhist monk/teacher" Zen masters would often speak of themselves in this vein - "this old heshang is going to sleep now."--indicating a kind of self-deprication in front of their students - as if "I am just like you, not more advanced or better, just a student really." But as it is with disciples, this is hard for them to accept, the master is of course much more evolved, much higher. When a Zen disciple used this word heshang to address his master, it took on a much more reverential connotation, as if combining high respect and love simultaneously.[web 1]

An example of its use is in Rinzai's teachings:

29.a. Followers of the Way, I hold the transmission of the generations from Mayoku Osho, Tanka Osho, Doitsu Osho, Rozan Osho, Sekikyo Osho. All have gone the same way. Nobody could believe in them, all were reviled.

Doitsu Osho's actualization was pure, it was not coarse. None of his three hundred or five hundred students could make out his meaning. Rozan Osho was free and true, master of his actualization, whether adapting it or going contrary. But none of his students could fathom his vast horizon and were startled. Tanka Osho played with the pearl (of wisdom, hidden in the sea), sometimes hiding it and sometimes revealing it. He was slandered by all students who came to him.[web 3]

In St Zen, to become an osh, teacher, two more steps are to be taken after dharma transmission, namely ten-e and zuise.[web 4]

Ten-e means "to turn the robe":[web 4]

Unsui (training monks) are allowed to wear only black robes and black o-kesa [...] [T]en-e is the point in the career of a Soto monk when you are finally allowed to wear a yellow-brown robe.[web 4]

After zuise one becomes an osh, whereafter one may become the resident priest in one's own temple.[web 4] Hereby one can gain the highest rank:

After you become the head priest at your own temple and hold a practice period there for the first time (with one student acting as the shuso), you will finally reach the highest rank of dai-osho.[web 4]

To supervise the training of monks, further qualifications are necessary:

The relatively low status of dharma transmission means that in and of itself it does not qualify one to accept students or to train disciples. According to the regulations, Zen students should be supervised only by a teacher who has attained supervisory certification (i.e. sanzen dj shike status), that is, someone who in the popular literature might be called a Zen master. To attain supervisory certification requires not just high ecclesiastical grades and dharma seniority but also at least three years' experience as an assistant supervisor at a specially designated training hall (tokubetsu sd), during which time one undergoes an apprenticeship.

The term became well known in the west when Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh started to call himself Osho.

Link:
Osh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also Zen for an overview of Zen, Chinese Chn for the Chinese origins of Chn, and St, Rinzai and baku for the three main schools of Zen in Japan

Zen is the Japanese variant of Chn, a school of Mahayana Buddhism which strongly emphasizes dhyana c.q. concentration-meditation. This gives insight into ones true nature, or the emptiness of inherent existence, which opens the way to a liberated way of living.

According to tradition Zen originated in India, when the Buddha held up a flower and Kasyappa smiled. With this smile he showed that he had understood the wordless essence of the dharma. This way the dharma was transmitted to Kasyappa, the second patriarch of Zen.[1]

Buddhism was introduced to China in the first century CE. According to tradition Chn was introduced around 500 CE by Bodhidharma, an Indian monk teaching dhyana. He was the 28th Indian patriarch of Zen, and the first Chinese patriarch.[1]

Buddhism was introduced in Japan in the 8th century CE during the Nara period (710-794) and the Heian period (7941185). Zen was not introduced as a separate school in Japan until the 12th century during the Kamakura period (11851333), when Nnin established the Daruma-school. In 1189 Nnin sent two students to China, to meet with Cho-an Te-kuang (11211203), and ask for the recognition of Nnin as a Zen-master. This recognition was granted.

In 1168 Myan Eisai traveled to China, whereafter he studied Tendai for twenty years. In 1187 he went to China again, and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which is known in Japan as Rinzai.[5] Decades later, Nanpo Shmy (?) (12351308) also studied Linji teachings in China before founding the Japanese Otokan lineage, the most influential branch of Rinzai.

In 1215, Dgen, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he became a disciple of the Caodong master Tiantong Rujing. After his return, Dgen established the St school, the Japanese branch of Caodong.[5]

Zen fitted the way of life of the samurai: confronting death without fear, and acting in a spontaneous and intuitive way.[5]

During this period the Gozan system, or the Five Mountains and Ten Temples was established, which institutionalized an influential part of the Rinzai school. It consisted of the five most famous Zen temples of Kyoto: Kencho-ji, Engaku-ji, Jufuku-ji, Jomyo-ji and Jochi-ji.[6]

During the Muromachi period the Rinzai school was the most successful of the schools, since it was favoured by the Shogun.

In the beginning of the Muromachi period the Gozan system was fully worked out. The final version contained five temples of both Kyoto and Kamakura. A second tier of the system consisted of Ten Temples. This system was extended throughout Japan, effectively giving control to the central government, which administered this system.[7] The monks, often well educated and skilled, were employed by the shogun for the governing of state affairs.[8]

Not all Rinzai Zen organisations were under such strict state control. The Rinka monasteries, which were primarily located in rural areas rather than cities, had a greater degree of independence.[9] The O-to-kan lineage, that centered on Daitoku-ji, also had a greater degree of freedom. It was founded by Nampo Jomyo, Shuho Myocho, and Kanzan Egen.[10] A well-known teacher from Daytoku-ji was Ikky.[5]

Another Rinka lineage was the Hotto lineage, of which Bassui Tokush is the best-known teacher.[11]

Soto too spread out over Japan. Gasan adopted the Five Ranks of Tung-shan as a fit vehicle to explain the Mahayana teachings.[12]

After a period of war Japan was re-united in the AzuchiMomoyama period. This decreased the power of Buddhism, which had become a strong political and military force in Japan. Neo-Confucianism gained influence at the expense of Buddhism, which came under strict state control. Japan closed the gates to the rest of the world. The only traders to be allowed were Dutchmen admitted to the island of Dejima.[5] New doctrines and methods were not to be introduced, nor were new temples and schools. The only exception was the baku lineage, which was introduced in the 17th century during the Edo period by Ingen, a Chinese monk. Ingen had been a member of the Linji school, the Chinese equivalent of Rinzai, which had developed separately from the Japanese branch for hundreds of years. Thus, when Ingen journeyed to Japan following the fall of the Ming Dynasty to the Manchus, his teachings were seen as a separate school. The baku school was named after Mount baku (Ch. ; Hungb Shn), which had been Ingen's home in China.

Well-known Zen masters from this period are Bankei, Basho and Hakuin.[5]Bankei Ytaku (?, 16221693) became a classic example of a man driven by the "great doubt". Matsuo Bash ( ?, 1644 November 28, 1694) became a great Zen poet. In the 18th century Hakuin Ekaku ( ?, 16861768) revived the Rinzai school. His influence was so immense that almost all contemporary Rinzai lineages are traced back to him.

During the Meiji period (18681912), after a coup in 1868, Japan abandoned its feudal system and opened up to Western modernism. Shinto became the state religion, and Buddhism was coerced to adapt to the new regime. Within the Buddhist establishment the Western world was seen as a threat, but also as a challenge to stand up to.[13][14]

Shinto became the official religion, at the expense of Buddhism. Buddhist institutions had a simple choice: adapt or perish. Rinzai and Soto Zen chose to adapt, trying to modernize Zen in accord with Western insights, while simultaneously maintaining a Japanese identity. This Japanese identity was being articulated in the Nihonjinron-philosophy, the Japanese uniqueness-theory. A broad range of subjects was taken as typical of Japanese culture. D.T. Suzuki contributed to the Nihonjinron-philosophy by taking Zen as the distinctive token of Asian spirituality, showing its unique character in the Japanese culture[15]

This resulted in support for the war activities of the Japanese imperial system by the Japanese Zen establishment including the St sect, the major branches of Rinzai, and several renowned teachers. According to Sharf,

They became willing accomplices in the promulgation of the kokutai (national polity) ideology - the attempt to render Japan a culturally homogeneous and spiritually evolved nation politically unified under the divine rule of the emperor.[15]

War endeavours against Russia, China and finally during the Pacific War were supported by the Zen establishment.[14][16]

A notable work on this subject was Zen at War (1998) by Brian Victoria,[14] an American-born St priest. One of his assertions was that some Zen masters known for their post-war internationalism and promotion of "world peace" were open nationalists in the inter-war years.[web 1] Among them as an example Haku'un Yasutani, the founder of the Sanbo Kyodan School, even voiced anti-semitic and nationalistic opinions after World War II. Only after international protests in the 1990s, following the publication of Victoria's 'Zen at war', did the Sanbo Kyodan express apologies for this support[web 2] This involvement was not limited to the Zen schools, as all orthodox Japanese schools of Buddhism supported the militarist state. Victoria's particular claims about D.T. Suzuki's involvement in militarism have been much disputed by other scholars.

Interest in Zen grew in the West after World War II. Westerners such as Philip Kapleau and the Dutchman Janwillem van de Wetering went to Japan to study Zen.[17] Japanese teachers came to the West to share Zen practice and philosophy.[18]

Some contemporary Japanese Zen teachers, such as Daiun Harada and Shunryu Suzuki, have criticized Japanese Zen as being a formalized system of empty rituals in which very few Zen practitioners ever actually attained realization. They assert that almost all Japanese temples have become family businesses handed down from father to son, and the Zen priest's function has largely been reduced to officiating at funerals, a practice sarcastically referred to in Japan as sshiki bukky (?, funeral Buddhism).[citation needed] For example, the St school published statistics stating that 80 percent of laity visited temples only for reasons having to do with funerals and death.[19]

Mahayana Buddhism teaches sunyata, emptiness, which is also emphasized by Zen. But another important doctrine is the Buddha-nature, the idea that all human beings have the possibility to awaken. All living creatures are supposed to have the Buddha-nature, but don't realize this as long as they are not awakened. The doctrine of an essential nature can easily lead to the idea that there is an unchanging essential nature or reality behind the changing world of appearances.[20]

The difference and reconciliation of these two doctrines is the central theme of the Lankavatara sutra.[20]

The primary goal of Rinzai Zen is kensho, seeing one's true nature, and mujodo no taigen, expression of this insight in daily life.[21]

Seeing one's true nature means seeing that there is no essential 'I' or 'self', that our true nature is empty.

Expression in daily life means that this is not only a contemplative insight, but that our lives are expressions of this selfless existence.[web 3]

Zen meditation is the essential method of Zen. In Rinzai Zen this is supplemented by kan training.

Zen emphasizes zazen: meditation as the means to awakening. There are various methods of meditation. In Buddhism two main approaches are used, vipassana (awareness training) and samatha (concentration of the mind). Zen Buddhism emphasizes samatha. The Japanese word 'Zen' is derived from the Chinese word 'Chn', which is derived from dhyana, concentration. The Japanese word 'zazen' means 'sitting meditation'. But Zen meditation ideally is not only concentration, but also awareness: being aware of the continuing changes in our consciousness, of all our sensations and our automatic reactions.

In alteration with zazen, there is walking meditation, Kinhin, in which one walks with full attention.

To facilitate insight, a Zen teacher can assign a kan. This is a short anecdote, which seems irrational, but contains subtle references to the Buddhist teachings.[22] An example of a kan is Joshu's 'Mu':[23]

A monk asked: "Does a dog have buddha-nature?" Joshu responded: "Mu!"

The traditional schools of Zen in contemporary Japan are the St (), Rinzai (), and baku (). Of these, St is the largest and baku the smallest. Besides these there are modern Zen organisations which have especially attracted Western lay followers, namely the Sanbo Kyodan and the FAS Society.

St emphasizes meditation and the inseparable nature of practice and insight. Its founder Dogen is still highly revered.

Rinzai emphasizes kan study and kensho. The Rinzai organisation includes fifteen subschools based on temple affiliation. The best known of these main temples are Myoshin-ji, Nanzen-ji, Tenry-ji, Daitoku-ji, and Tofuku-ji.

baku is a small branch, which organisationally is part of the Rinzai school.

The Sanbo Kyodanis a small Japanese school, established by Hakuun Yasutani, which has been very influential in the West. Well-known teachers from this school are Philip Kapleau and Taizan Maezumi. Maezumi's influence stretches further through his dharma heirs, such as Joko Beck, Tetsugen Bernard Glassman, and especially Dennis Merzel, who has appointed more than a dozen dharma heirs.

The FAS Society is a non-sectarian organisation, founded by Shin'ichi Hisamatsu. Its aim is to modernize Zen and adapt it to the modern world. In Europe it is influential through such teachers as Jeff Shore and Ton Lathouwers.

Although it is difficult to trace when the West first became aware of Zen as a distinct form of Buddhism, the visit of Soyen Shaku, a Japanese Zen monk, to Chicago during the World Parliament of Religions in 1893 is often pointed to as an event that enhanced its profile in the Western world. It was during the late 1950s and the early 1960s that the number of Westerners pursuing a serious interest in Zen, other than descendants of Asian immigrants, reached a significant level.

Eugen Herrigel's book Zen in the Art of Archery[24] describing his training in the Zen-influenced martial art of Kyd, inspired many of the Western world's early Zen practitioners. However, many scholars, such as Yamada Shoji, are quick to criticize this book.[25]

The single most influential person for the spread of Zen Buddhism was D. T. Suzuki.[13][15] A lay student of Zen, he became acquainted with Western culture at a young age. He wrote many books on Zen which became widely read in the Western world, but he has been criticised for giving a one-sided and overly romanticized vision of Zen.[13][15][26]

Reginald Horace Blyth (18981964) was an Englishman who went to Japan in 1940 to further his study of Zen. He was interned during World War II and started writing in prison. While imprisoned he met Robert Aitken, who was later to become a roshi in the Sanbo Kyodan lineage. Blyth was tutor to the Crown Prince after the war. His greatest work is the 5-volume "Zen and Zen Classics", published in the 1960s. Here he discusses Zen themes from a philosophical standpoint, often in conjunction with Christian elements in a comparative spirit. His essays include "God, Buddha, and Buddhahood" and "Zen, Sin, and Death".

The British philosopher Alan Watts took a close interest in Zen Buddhism and wrote and lectured extensively on it during the 1950s. He understood Zen as a vehicle for a mystical transformation of consciousness, and also as a historical example of a non-Western, non-Christian way of life that had fostered both the practical and fine arts.

The Dharma Bums, a novel written by Jack Kerouac and published in 1959, gave its readers a look at how a fascination with Buddhism and Zen was being absorbed into the bohemian lifestyles of a small group of American youths, primarily on the West Coast. Beside the narrator, the main character in this novel was "Japhy Ryder", a thinly veiled depiction of Gary Snyder. The story was based on actual events taking place while Snyder prepared, in California, for the formal Zen studies that he would pursue in Japanese monasteries between 1956 and 1968.[27]

Thomas Merton (19151968) was a Catholic Trappist monk and priest.[web 4] Like his friend, the late D.T. Suzuki, Merton believed that there must be a little of Zen in all authentic creative and spiritual experience. The dialogue between Merton and Suzuki[28] explores the many congruencies of Christian mysticism and Zen.[29][30][non-primary source needed]

Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle (18981990) was a Jesuit who became a missionary in Japan in 1929. In 1956 he started to study Zen with Harada Daiun Sogaku. He was the superior of Heinrich Dumoulin, the well-known author on the history of Zen. Enomiya-lassalle introduced Westerners to Zen meditation.

Robert Kennedy (roshi), a Catholic Jesuit priest, professor, psychotherapist and Zen roshi in the White Plum lineage has written a number of books about what he labels as the benefits of Zen practice to Christianity. He was ordained a Catholic priest in Japan in 1965, and studied with Yamada Koun in Japan in the 1970s. He was installed as a Zen teacher of the White Plum Asanga lineage in 1991 and was given the title 'Roshi' in 1997.

In 1989, the Vatican released a document which states some Catholic appreciation of the use of Zen in Christian prayer. According to the text none of the methods proposed by non-Christian religions should be rejected out of hand simply because they are not Christian:

On the contrary, one can take from them what is useful so long as the Christian concept of prayer, its logic and requirements are never obscured.[web 5]

While Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, by Robert M. Pirsig, was a 1974 bestseller, it in fact has little to do with Zen as a religious practice, nor with motorcycle maintenance for that matter. Rather it deals with the notion of the metaphysics of "quality" from the point of view of the main character. Pirsig was attending the Minnesota Zen Center at the time of writing the book. He has stated that, despite its title, the book "should in no way be associated with that great body of factual information relating to orthodox Zen Buddhist practice". Though it may not deal with orthodox Zen Buddhist practice, Pirsig's book in fact deals with many of the more subtle facets of Zen living and Zen mentality without drawing attention to any religion or religious organization.

A number of contemporary authors have explored the relationship between Zen and a number of other disciplines, including parenting, teaching, and leadership. This typically involves the use of Zen stories to explain leadership strategies.[31]

In Europe, the Expressionist and Dada movements in art tend to have much in common thematically with the study of kans and actual Zen. The early French surrealist Ren Daumal translated D.T. Suzuki as well as Sanskrit Buddhist texts.

Over the last fifty years mainstream forms of Zen, led by teachers who trained in East Asia and their successors, have begun to take root in the West.

In North America, the Zen lineages derived from the Sanbo Kyodan school are the most numerous. The Sanbo Kyodan is a Japan-based reformist Zen group, founded in 1954 by Yasutani Hakuun, which has had a significant influence on Zen in the West. Sanbo Kyodan Zen is based primarily on the Soto tradition, but also incorporates Rinzai-style kan practice. Yasutani's approach to Zen first became prominent in the English-speaking world through Philip Kapleau's book The Three Pillars of Zen (1965), which was one of the first books to introduce Western audiences to Zen as a practice rather than simply a philosophy. Among the Zen groups in North America, Hawaii, Europe, and New Zealand which derive from Sanbo Kyodan are those associated with Kapleau, Robert Aitken, and John Tarrant.

The most widespread are the lineages founded by Hakuyu Taizan Maezumi and the White Plum Asanga. Maezumi's successors include Susan Myoyu Andersen, John Daido Loori, Chozen Bays, Tetsugen Bernard Glassman, Nicolee Jikyo McMahon, Joan Hogetsu Hoeberichts, and Charlotte Joko Beck.

Soto has gained prominence via Shunryu Suzuki, who established the San Francisco Zen Center. In 1967 the Center established Tassajara, the first Zen Monastery in America, in the mountains near Big Sur.

The Katagiri lineage, founded by Dainin Katagiri, has a significant presence in the Midwest. Note that both Taizan Maezumi and Dainin Katagiri served as priests at Zenshuji Soto Mission in the 1960s.

Taisen Deshimaru, a student of Kodo Sawaki, was a Soto Zen priest from Japan who taught in France. The International Zen Association, which he founded, remains influential. The American Zen Association, headquartered at the New Orleans Zen Temple, is one of the North American organizations practicing in the Deshimaru tradition.

Soyu Matsuoka established the Long Beach Zen Buddhist Temple and Zen Center in 1971, where he resided until his death in 1998. The Temple was headquarters to Zen centers in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, and Everett, Washington. Matsuoka created several dharma heirs, three of whom are still alive and leading Zen teachers within the lineage: Hogaku ShoZen McGuire, Zenkai Taiun Michael Elliston Sensei, and Kaiten John Dennis Govert.

Brad Warner is a Soto priest appointed by Gudo Wafu Nishijima. He is not a traditional Zen teacher, but is influential via his blogs on Zen.

Rinzai gained prominence in the West via D.T. Suzuki and the lineage of Soen Nakagawa and his student Eido Shimano. Soen Nakagawa had personal ties to Yamada Koun, the dharma heir of Hakuun Yasutani, who founded the Sanbo Kyodan.[32] They established Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji in New York. In Europe there is Egely Monastery established by a Dharma Heir of Eido Shimano, Denko Mortensen.

Some of the more prominent Rinzai Zen centers in North America include Rinzai-ji founded by Kyozan Joshu Sasaki Roshi in California, Chozen-ji founded by Omori Sogen Roshi in Hawaii, Daiyuzenji founded by Dogen Hosokawa Roshi (a student of Omori Sogen Roshi) in Chicago, Illinois, and Chobo-Ji founded by Genki Takabayshi Roshi in Seattle, Washington.

The lineage of Hakuyu Taizan Maezumi Roshi is represented in the UK by the White Plum Sangha UK.

Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey was founded as a sister monastery to Shasta Abbey in California by Master Reverend Jiyu Kennett Roshi. It has a number of dispersed priories and centres.[citation needed] Jiyu Kennett, an Englishwoman, was ordained as a priest and Zen master in Shoji-ji, one of the two main Soto Zen temples in Japan.[a] The Order is called the Order of Buddhist Contemplatives.[citation needed]

Taisen Deshimaru Roshi's lineage is known in the UK as IZAUK (International Zen Association UK).[citation needed]

The Zen Centre in London is connected to the Buddhist Society.

The Western Chan Fellowship is an association of lay Chn practitioners based in the UK.[citation needed] They are registered as a charity in England and Wales, but also have contacts in Europe, principally in Norway, Poland, Germany, Croatia, Switzerland and the USA.

Modern classics

Classic historiography

Critical historiography

(Japanese) Zen as living religious institution and practice

The start of this article was based on a translation of the Dutch Wikipedia (7 decembre 2011)

Oversight

Rinzai-zen

Soto-zen

Sanbo Kyodan

Critical Zen-practice

Zen centers

Texts

Critical Zen Research

See the article here:
Japanese Zen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ziglar was the author of more than 29 sales and motivational books, including See You at the Top and Over the Top. Because he has motivated so many marketers and salespeople throughout his more than 50-year long career, we thought a great way to honor his life would be to compile a list of some of our favorite Zig Ziglar quotations -- quotations that any marketer, salesperson, or business can learn from.

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