The late Zig Ziglar was a motivational speaker, teacher and trainer who traveled the world over delivering his messages of humor, hope, and encouragement. As a world renowned author and speaker, Zig had an appeal that transcended barriers of age, culture and occupation. From 1970 until 2010, he traveled over five million miles across the world delivering powerful life improvement messages, cultivating the energy of change. Recognized by his peers as the quintessential motivational genius of our times, Zig Ziglar's unique delivery style and powerful messages earned him many honors, and today he is still considered one of the most versatile authorities on the science of human potential.

Mr. Ziglar wrote over thirty celebrated books on personal growth, leadership, sales, faith, family and success, including Born to Win, See You at the Top, Developing the Qualities of Success, Raising Positive Kids in a Negative World, Top Performance, Courtship After Marriage, Over The Top, and Secrets of Closing the Sale. Nine titles have been on the best seller lists; his books and audios have been translated into over thirty-eight languages and dialects. Zig Ziglar was a committed family man, dedicated patriot, and an active church member.

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Zig Ziglar - amazon.com

It's THAT time... Happy New Year party people . If you've got money to invest in 2018 but no idea where to put it? This video is for you... yes, YOU.

I'm sharing my 4 best investment ideas with you as we ring in 2018.

#1 - INVEST IN THE STOCK MARKET

While everybody may say to invest in the stock market... the reality is, a lot of people do not even do it. Do you?

What is "dollar cost averaging"?? And how is it going to calm your fears with the ups and downs of the stock market?

Where do I think you should invest? #FreeAdvice

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Betterment - Best company if you don't want to choose the investments. They do all the pickin' for you!

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Ally Financial - Pick stocks, ETFs, Mutual Funds, etc with the help of their tollfree number!

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TD Ameritrade - The best online broker for online stock trading, long-term investing, and retirement planning.

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Etrade - You're in full control of your financial future with them. They have the information, the analysis, and the online investing & trading tools you need. Have at it.

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Individual Stocks? STAND BACK, YO!

#2 - INVEST IN PEER TO PEER LENDING Do I sound like a broken record yet? I'm always talking about peer to peer lending and the benefits.

A few peer to peer lending providers I like include:

Lending Club - It's a place where borrowers and lenders alike can connect and make magic happen.

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#3 - INVEST IN REAL ESTATE

This is the part where I lost my butt investing and I'm really hoping I can save you from making the same mistakes I've made.

Without being a landlord... there are other ways to invest in real estate - check it out!

What is Fundrise? And why am I recommending it as part of your investment strategy?

GET THE DETAILS

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#4 - INVEST IN YOURSELF

Surprised that I'm calling that a real kind of investment? Whether it is reading more or taking an online course on a site like Udemy or Skillshare, investing in yourself is the best thing you can do in 2018.

What course I paid $3,500 for to learn something... CRAZY? No way!

Bitcoin? My thoughts are all here... and here's WHY I'm not investing in it, yet.

Want More Good Financial Cents?

Check out my blog here: https://www.goodfinancialcents.com/

Listen to my podcast here:

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The 4 Best Investment Ideas You Can Make (for 2018)

Gurdjieff and Hypnosis: A Hermeneutic StudyAuthor: Mohammad H Tamdgidi

Foreword: J. Walter Driscoll

Gurdjieff and Hypnosis: A Hermeneutic Study explores the life and ideas of the enigmatic twentieth century philosopher, mystic, and teacher of esoteric dances George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff (1872?-1949), performing a hermeneutic textual analysis of all his published writings to illuminate the place of hypnosis in his teaching.Human enlightenment and liberation, mystics have long advised, require spiritual awakening from the hypnotic sleep of everyday life. This book explores the life and ideas of the enigmatic twentieth century philosopher, mystic, and teacher of esoteric dances George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff (1872?-1949), performing a hermeneutic textual analysis of all his published writings to illuminate the place of hypnosis in his teaching. The hermeneutic approach captures both the aim for an in-depth textual analysis, and the notion that the intent is to interpret the text using its own symbolic and meaning structures.

Systematically explored for the first time is Gurdjieffs objective art of literary hypnotism intended as a major conduit for the transmission of his teachings on the philosophy, theory, and practice of personal self-knowledge and harmonious human development. In the process, the nature and function of the mystical shell hiding the rational kernel of Gurdjieffs teaching are explainedshedding new light on why his mysticism is mystical, and Gurdjieff so enigmatic, in the first place.

Mohammad Tamdgidi is the Founding Director of OKCIR: The Omar Khayyam Center for Integrative Research in Utopia, Mysticism, and Science (Utopystics). He has been an Associate Professor of Sociology teaching social theory at the University of Massachusetts Boston.

The book includes a Foreword by J. Walter Driscoll, a major bibliographer and scholar of Gurdjieff studies.

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan (New York, London)5-1/2 x 8-1/2 inches, 288 pages, 15 figures, indexPublication Dates: hc 2009/pb 2012 (rel. 10/2/12)hc: ISBN: 978-0-230-61507-6, ISBN10: 0-230-61507-4pb: ISBN: 978-1-137-28243-9, ISBN10: 1-137-28243-6eb:ISBN 978-0-230-10202-6

To order this book, please visit the links below:

The various editions of this book are also available for ordering from Palgrave/Macmillan and all major online bookstores worldwide.

Tamdgidi sets a benchmark for Gurdjieff Studies in relation to two recognized but insufficiently explored areas, his writings as a unified field and his exploitation of hypnosis in its broadest sense. His compact interpretation of Gurdjieff emphasizesfor the first timea search for meaning based on recognizable keys within about 1,800 pages of Gurdjieffs four texts as a single body of work, with particular focus on subliminal and subconscious dimensions of impact and interpretation, an approach which might be termed the Hermeneutics of Gurdjieff. Thus, Tamdgidis work is an important original contribution to the constructive, independent, and critical study of Gurdjieffs four books. Anyone who has seriously attempted to read Beelzebubs Tales or Meetings with Remarkable Men can vouch for their intentionally beguiling or hypnotic effect. These readers will appreciate Tamdgidis interpretive virtuosity and focushe keeps each tree and the entire forest in sight throughout.From the Foreword by J. Walter Driscoll, independent scholar and bibliographer; editor and contributing author, Gurdjieff: A Reading Guide, 3rd Ed. (2004); contributing editor, Gurdjieff International Review (1997-2001); co-author, Gurdjieff: An Annotated Bibliography (1985).

A wondrous odyssey and extraordinary argumentation! Nothing in the corpus of writings on Gurdjieffs works goes near to matching this masterful reading. Each time one looks back into the text, one finds more gold, no dross.Paul Beekman Taylor, Professor Emeritus at the University of Geneva, and author of G. I. Gurdjieff: A New Life; Gurdjieffs Invention of America; The Philosophy of G. I. Gurdjieff; Gurdjieff & Orage: Brothers in Elysium; and Shadows of Heaven: Gurdjieff and Toomer

In the ocean of literature on Gurdjieff, the brilliant book of Mohammad Tamdgidi has a very special place. It is the first serious academic attempt at a hermeneutics of Gurdjieffs texts, taking as key the core of Gurdjieffs teachingthe enneagram. Of course, Gurdjieffs teaching cannot be understood apart from its practice. But it is also true that this teaching cannot be understood without a rigorous study of the writings of Gurdjieff himself.Basarab Nicolescu, author of Manifesto of Transdisciplinarity

viiiList of FiguresviiiList of AbbreviationsixForeword by J. Walter DriscollxvPrologue1Introduction: Gurdjieff, Hypnosis, and Hermeneutics28Chapter One: Philosophy: Ontology of the Harmonious Universe52Chapter Two: Philosophy: Psychology of a Tetartocosmos70Chapter Three: Philosophy: Epistemology of Three-Brained Beings88Chapter Four: The Organ Kundabuffer Theory of Human Disharmonization113Chapter Five: The Practice of Harmonious Development of Man137Chapter Sex: Life is Real Only Then, When I AM Not Hypnotized177Chapter Seven: Meetings with the Remarkable Hypnotist207Chapter Eight: Beelzebubs Hypnotic Tales to His Grandson224Conclusion: Gurdjieffs Roundabout Yezidi Circle237Appendix: Textual Chronology of Gurdjieffs Life253Bibliography259Index

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Gurdjieff and Hypnosis: A Hermeneutic Study | OKCIR: Omar ...

Become a pioneer in the field of Yoga Therapy at Inner Vision Yoga.Next start date February 8th, 2019! Please see details belowBecome a Yoga Therapist with the Master Healing Emphasis Yoga (HEY) Therapy Training Program

The Healing Emphasis Yoga Therapy Master Training Programs covers the healing and therapeutic aspects of yoga that starts with self-concept and identity as the source of all change, perception and transformation.

Testimonials

Curriculum

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Healing Emphasis Yoga Therapy is a member school with the International Association of Yoga Therapists (IAYT Member School). For more information please visit here.

This HEY program is an outstanding opportunity to deepen your practice, both personally and with your clients not just with yoga, but with all forms of therapy work S.S.

Study directly with Master Teachers in a groundbreaking new field! 300, 600 and 800 hour programs now available.

February 8-10, 2019 HEY 4: The Mask: working with personality archetypes and healing in Yoga Therapy

Friday 6:30-9 p.m. Chakra/ Energetic Therapy

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Sunday 12:30- 4:30 p.m. Structural Integration, The Handshake

If you want to learn and grow exponentially, both as a person and a yogi, this is the program to sign up for. The teachers are top-notch, definitely some of the best I have ever trained with. E.B.

I truly learned that I do matter, that I am enough. I found a new voice and new confidence for teaching. D.M.

Experience the journey of a lifetime. Gather the evolutionary skills, knowledge and experience necessary to directly support your personal and professional life

The HEY Program is the most powerful and transformational training program I have ever experienced. The training you receive is top notch, and fully prepares you to be a practicing yoga therapist. That said, it is a very personal journey as well that will transform and heal you from the inside out on every level physical, mental, emotional, energetic, and spiritual. I feel so incredibly blessed to have received this training. Most importably, my clients feel safe and that they are in capable hands with projects that are so sensitive and deeply personal. THANK YOU! -D.R.

The Healing Emphasis Yoga Therapy program is a member of the For more student testimonials, please click the button below

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The Healing Emphasis Yoga Therapy Program is a life-transforming experience unlike any other yoga therapy program in the country. With an emphasis on thoughts and feelingssupported bytargeted trainings in asana, pranayama, mudra and alternative somatic techniques, this program gives you the tools to work on multiple levels addressing self-concept with the unified consciousness that rests at the source of all experience.

For more information on the Healing Emphasis Yoga curriculum and course offerings, please click here.

Curriculum

This transforming master-level program consists of multiple tracks of advanced studies which may be added to your existing certification. The Healing Emphasis Yoga Therapy Master Training Program is ideal for those interested in yoga therapy as well as spiritual psychology, energetic anatomy, anatomy and physiology, kinesiology and applied yoga philosophy.

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Donna DiNunzioDonna DiNunzioMartens(500-hour Master RYT with over 800 hours of training, co-director HEY Therapy Program, Certified Yoga Therapist through the International Association of Yoga Therapists (IAYT)). Donnaspecializes in private and group therapeutic yoga including Yoga Nidra, Trauma and Stress Release and Rehabilitative Yoga to support physical therapy and recovery from dis-ease and injury. Her love of asana and the experience of the profound healing and energetic effects of yoga ground her teaching and her life. She co-founded the HEY program with Jeff Martens andhas studied with Paulie Zink, Sarah Powers, Paul Grilley, Mukunda Stiles, Rama Vernon, and Tias Little.

Jeff MartensJeff Martens (co-owner Inner Vision Yoga Studio, Director of 200, 500 hour Yoga Teacher Training, co-director of HEY Therapy Program and IAYT-certified yoga therapist) Jeff has been teaching yoga and healing since 1993. He integrates an extensive knowledge of anatomy and psychology along with story and spiritual teaching in his classes and healing sessions. Favorite teachers include Paramahansa Yogananda, Louise Hay, Neville Goddard, past chronic illness and the teachings of the Great Masters. Please click here for more info.

Heath Reed

Heath is a certified Yoga Teacher, advanced therapist and trainer in the areas ofThai Yoga Massage,Cranial Sacral Therapy,Fusion Massage, andother forms of massage and bodywork. Heath has over a decadeteaching experienceservingon the faculty of theUtah College of Massage Therapy, the Arizona School of Massage Therapy, and in massage therapy workshops and seminars that provide continuing education credit hours (CEUs) throughout the country.Additionally, he has worked in medical, resort, spa and private practice settings. In Chiang Mai, Thailand, he completed training at Shevaga Komarpaj Thai Massage School and studied advanced with world-renowned teacher Pichet, as well as with Thai Yoga Massage Instructor, Kam Thye Chow in Montreal, Quebec. He has studied Craniosacral Therapy in-depth in an anatomically driven format, balanced by a blend of Eastern and Western esoteric traditions. Heath is approved by theNational Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (NCBTMB)as a continuing education Approved Providers. They have taught Cranial Sacral to hundreds of students at the Arizona School of Massage Therapy, and have taught Thai Massage locally, nationally, and at prestigious spas throughout the country. With his wife Nicole, Heath developed Fusion Massage and Four-Handed Massage, which they have written about, taught extensively. Additionally, Heath is proficient in Reiki, Core Shamanism, Touch for Health, Kinergetics, Ashiatsu, Raindrop Therapy, Reflexology, Lymphatic Massage, Trigger Point and Neuromuscular Therapy.

Jonas Nordstrom

Jonas Nordstrom, Ph.D., M.Sc. teacher and researcher at Arizona State University, international trainer in the field of stress reduction and trauma recovery, yoga teacher, and olympic weightlifter. He has lived and worked in war-torn countries like Afghanistan, Kosovo, Israel and Egypt. With an interdisciplinary background in natural science and transpersonal psychology/esoteric studies, his doctorate thesis examines the intuition from the perspectives of quantum physics, neurophysiology, psychology and ancient wisdoms teachings.

As part of his diverse background he has also spent five years in the Swedish Special Forces, shortly worked as a Yoga teacher in Rishikesh, India, and has extensive training in therapeutic modalities such as clinical hypnosis, neurofeedback, and Trauma Releasing Exercises (TRE).

David Berceli

David Berceli, Ph.D. is an international expert in the areas of trauma intervention and conflict resolution. He is also the energetic and creative founder and CEO of Trauma Recovery Services (1998). For the past 22 years he has lived and worked in nine countries providing trauma relief workshops and designing recovery programs for international organizations around the world. Dave has lived and worked extensively in Israel/Palestine, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Yemen, Egypt, and Lebanon. Fluent in English and Arabic, David brings a keen understanding of the intertwining dynamics of religion and ethnic customs and has developed specific processes to enable people to manage personal trauma as well as bring healing and reconciliation between diverse groups. He is the creator of a revolutionary and unique set of Trauma Releasing Exercises (TRE) that help release the deep chronic tension created in the body during a traumatic experience. David continues to be involved in trauma recovery programs not solely for the sake of reducing the suffering caused by trauma but because he has recognized globally that trauma possesses unique possibilities of transformation in the individual if they pursue their recovery process to its ultimate end.

Please note that Healing Emphasis Yoga, Healing Emphasis Yoga Therapy and HEY Therapy are all trademarked trade names.

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HEY: Healing Emphasis Yoga Therapy Training Program ...

The Seven LevelsModel describes the evolutionary development of human consciousness.

The Seven Levels Model was developed in 19961997. There are two aspects to the modelthe Seven Levels of Consciousness Model and the Seven Stages of Psychological Development Model. Weoperate at levels of consciousness and wegrow in stages (of psychological development).

The Seven Levels of Consciousness Model applies to all individuals and human group structuresorganisations, communities, nations. The Seven Levels of Psychological Development Model applies to all individuals.

The following diagram shows the correspondence between the Seven Levels of Consciousness and theSeven Stages of Psychological Development.

Under normal circumstances, the level of consciousness we operate from is the same as the stage of psychological development we have reached. However, no matter what stage of psychological development we are at, when we are faced with what we consider to be a potentially negative change in our circumstances or a situation that we believe could threaten our internal stability or external equilibriumanything that brings up fearwe may temporarily shift to one of the three lower levels of consciousness.

Alternatively, if we have a peak experiencean experience of euphoria, harmony or connectedness of a mystical or spiritual nature we may temporarily jump to a higher level of consciousness.

When the threat or peak experience has passed, we will normally return to the level of consciousness that corresponds to the stage of psychological development we were at before the experience occurred. In rare situations, a peak experience may have a lasting impact, causing us to shift to a higher stage of psychological development and operate from a higher level of consciousness.

Similarly, a negative experience, if it is traumatic enough, and particularly if it occurs in our childhood and teenage years, can impede our future psychological development by causing us to be anchored, through frequent triggering of the traumatic memory, into in one of the three lower levels of consciousness.

I created the Seven Levels Model to provide a clearunderstanding of human motivations. The model is based on Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. It was apparent to me that Maslows research and thinking was ahead of his time. Abraham Maslow died in 1970 at age 62, well before the consciousness movement had taken root. I saw that, with some minor changes, his hierarchy of needs could be transposed into a framework of consciousness. In 1996, I set about making these changes.-Richard Barrett

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The Barrett Model | Barrett Values Centre

The work of the Institute is rooted in a set of passionate beliefs: that people can and do recover from mental health challenges and addiction: that all people-including recipients of behavioral health services-must have opportunities to participate fully in the communities of their choice; that peers helping peers is integral to the recovery process; and that we must transform our systems of care into systems of hope.

The Institute for Recoveryworks to introduce and advance communities' understanding of recovery as the catalyst for transforming individual lives, communities, and all levels of behavioral health systems in a culturally competent manner.

What is Recovery?

Recovery is a self determined and holistic journey that people undertake to heal and grow.

What is Peer Support?

Peer Support is the building and nurturing of relationships between peers which assists individuals in their journey of recovery and wellness. Some characteristics of this relationship include mutual respect, trust, hope and education.

What is a Certified Peer Specialist?

A Certified Peer Specialist is a paid staff person with a mental health or co-occurring disorder who has been trained and certified to help her/his peers identify and achieve specific life goals. The Certified Peer Specialist promotes self-determination, personal responsibility and empowerment inherent in recovery, and assists people with mental health challenges to regain control over their lives and their recovery process.

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Since the dawn of psychedelic trance and psychedelic downtempo music, there has been a prominent tool in artists repertoires that has captivated us, made us think, and transported us to the vast reaches of the cosmos or our deepest inner selves: sampling. Whether from movies, literature, scientists, visionaries, or philosophers, samples serve to help producers tell their stories and set the mood for the listener.

Watts avuncular joy and McKennas hallucinogenic machine elf explorations just seem to fit perfectly within the psychedelic music scene.

Two of the more popular sources of samples are ethnobotanist and visionary Terence McKenna, and Alan Watts, Zen practitioner and philosopher. Watts avuncular joy and McKennas hallucinogenic machine elf explorations just seem to fit perfectly within the psychedelic music scene.

Here are some of our favourite psychill songs with our favourite Terence McKenna and Alan Watts quotes. At the bottom you can find also a long playlist with many other tracks using their vocal sample:

And since youre all here and engaged in this sort of inquiry I assume youre all in the process of waking up.There is the central Self and its All of Us. Its playing all the parts of All Beings whatsoever everywhere and anywhere. And its playing the game of hide and seek with itself. It gets lost, it gets involved in the farthest-out adventures, but in the end it always wakes up and comes back to itself.

We are living beings were very sensitive and inside the human skin by an extraordinary fluke of nature, there has arisen something called reason, and there have also arisen values, such as love.

We are somehow the children of the planet, we are somehow its finest hour; we bind time, we bind the past, we anticipate the future we are going hyper-spatial; we are claiming a whole new dimension for biology that it never claimed before. We are actually becoming a fourth-dimensional kind of creature. Our future is somehow with us, as we seem to be able to move through metamorphosis into our own imaginations a super civilization spread throughout space and time. Our future is a mystery, our destiny is to live in the imagination.

Every electron is the yawning mouth of a wormhole that leads to quadrillions of higher dimensional universes that are completely beyond rational apprehension matter is not lacking in magic matter is magic!

There are of course many many more. Click play on the playlist below and dive into a long long session of psychedelic electronic music with Terrence McKenna & Allan Watts samples. Including tracks from Shpongle, Entheogenic, Gnomes of Kush, Dhamika, Soulacybin, Ancient Core & more.

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Psytrance & Psychill with Terence McKenna & Alan Watts ...

Advancing under an arch of glory and peace,Traveller on plateau and on musing ridge,As one who sees in the World-Magician's glassA miracled imagery of soul-scapes fleeHe traversed scenes of an immortal joyAnd gazed into abysms of beauty and bliss.Around him was a light of conscious sunsAnd a brooding gladness of great symbol things;To meet him crowded plains of brilliant calm,Mountains and violet valleys of the Blest,Deep glens of joy and crooning waterfallsAnd woods of quivering purple solitude;Below him lay like gleaming jewelled thoughtsRapt dreaming cities of Gandharva kings.Across the vibrant secrecies of SpaceA dim and happy music sweetly stole,Smitten by unseen hands he heard heart-closeThe harps' cry of the heavenly minstrels pass,And voices of unearthly melodyChanted the glory of eternal loveIn the white-blue-moonbeam air of Paradise.A summit and core of all that marvellous world,Apart stood high Elysian nameless hills,Burning like sunsets in a trance of eve.As if to some new unsearched profundity,Into a joyful stillness plunged their base;Their slopes through a hurry of laughter and voices sank,Crossed by a throng of singing rivulets,Adoring blue heaven with their happy hymn,Down into woods of shadowy secrecy:Lifted into wide voiceless mysteryTheir peaks climbed towards a greatness beyond life.The shining Edens of the vital godsReceived him in their deathless harmonies.All things were perfect there that flower in Time;Beauty was there creation's native mould,Peace was a thrilled voluptuous purity.There Love fulfilled her gold and roseate dreamsAnd Strength her crowned and mighty reveries;Desire climbed up,a swift omnipotent flame,And Pleasure had the stature of the gods;Dream walked along the highways of the stars;Sweet common things turned into miracles:Overtaken by the spirit's sudden spell,Smitten by a divine passion's alchemy,Pain's self compelled transformed to potent joyCuring the antithesis twixt heaven and hell.All life's high visions are embodied there,Her wandering hopes achieved,her aureate combsCaught by the honey-eater's darting tongue,Her burning guesses changed to ecstasied truths,Her mighty pantings stilled in deathless calmAnd liberated her immense desires.In that paradise of perfect heart and senseNo lower note could break the endless charmOf her sweetness ardent and immaculate;Her steps are sure of their intuitive fall.After the anguish of the soul's long strifeAt length were found calm and celestial restAnd,lapped in a magic flood of sorrowless hours,Healed were his warrior nature's wounded limbsIn the encircling arms of EnergiesThat brooked no stain and feared not their own bliss.In scenes forbidden to our pallid senseAmid miraculous scents and wonder-huesHe met the forms that divinise the sight,To music that can immortalise the mindAnd make the heart wide as infinityListened,and captured the inaudibleCadences that awake the occult ear:Out of the ineffable hush it hears them comeTrembling with the beauty of a wordless speech,And thoughts too great and deep to find a voice,Thoughts whose desire new-makes the universe.A scale of sense that climbed with fiery feetTo heights of unimagined happiness,Recast his being's aura in joy-glow,His body glimmered like a skiey shell;His gates to the world were swept with seas of light.His earth, dowered with celestial competence,Harboured a power that needed now no moreTo cross the closed customs-line of mind and fleshAnd smuggle godhead into humanity.It shrank no more from the supreme demandOf an untired capacity for bliss,A might that could explore its own infiniteAnd beauty and passion and the depths' replyNor feared the swoon of glad identityWhere spirit and flesh in inner ecstasy joinAnnulling the quarrel between self and shape.It drew from sight and sound spiritual power,Made sense a road to reach the intangible:It thrilled with the supernal influencesThat build the substance of life's deeper soul.Earth-nature stood reborn,comrade of heaven.A fit companion of the timeless Kings,Equalled with the godheads of the living Suns,He mixed in the radiant pastimes of the Unborn,Heard whispers of the Player never seenAnd listened to his voice that steals the heartAnd draws it to the breast of God's desire,And felt its honey of felicityFlow through his veins like the rivers of Paradise,Made body a nectar-cup of the Absolute.In sudden moments of revealing flame,In passionate responses half-unveiledHe reached the rim of ecstasies unknown;A touch supreme surprised his hurrying heart,The clasp was remembered of the Wonderful,And hints leaped down of white beatitudes.Eternity drew close disguised as LoveAnd laid its hand upon the body of Time.A little gift comes from the Immensitudes,But measureless to life its gain of joy;All the untold Beyond is mirrored there.A giant drop of the Bliss unknowableOverwhelmed his limbs and round his soul

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SRI AUROBINDO'S SAVITRI BY SHRADDHAVAN SSC 2018-10-28 BOOK 02 C 09 L 34-158 & C 10 L 1-192 P 234-243

Editors Note: This is a guest post by Michael C. Williams.It is the 23rdinstallment in ourEnd of IR Theory companion symposiumfor thespecial issueof theEuropean Journal of International Relations.SAGEhas temporarily ungated all of the articles in that issue.This post refers to Williamsarticle(PDF). Aresponse, authored byDaniel J. Levine, will appear at 10am Eastern.

Other entries in the symposiumwhen availablemay be reached via the EJIR Special Issue Symposium tag.

Disciplinary history is too important to be left only to intellectual historians. It should concern anyone interested in international politics. The tradition of all dead generations may not weigh on the brains of todays International Relations (IR) scholars with quite the fever of Marxs nightmare, but it does continue to exert powerful and often unrecognized effects on contemporary thinking. The idea of an end of IR theory that animates the Special Issue of the EJIR provides an intriguing opportunity to open up this issue: to ask where the field is going by looking again at where it came from.

This story can be told in many ways. One of the most revealing is to take seriously Stanley Hoffmanns famous claim that IR developed as a quintessentially American social science (PDF). Hoffmann was right, though for reasons and with implications quite different from those he advanced. In his eyes, these origins lay mainly in a concern with American hegemony and policy-oriented theory in the context of the Cold War. No one could doubt that these questions were important, yet in many ways IRs origins and commitments are better located in a wider but generally unrecognized analytic and political sensibility that, in his brilliant study of Desolation and Enlightenment, Ira Katznelson has called the political studies enlightenment (note the small e).

Katznelson holds that diverse figures in post-war American social science including Dahl, Hofstaeder, Lasswell, Lindblom, Polanyi, and Arendt were united in the view that the desolation of the previous half century and its apparent refutation of Enlightenment promises of progress, peace, and the reign of reason. In response, they undertook systematic analyses of the limits of a century and a half of increasing rationalism within the liberal Enlightenment tradition. Yet they did so not to reject modernity or liberalism, but to save it. They held that understanding the calamities of the period required seeing them not as simple irrationality erupting inexplicably into the otherwise placid, progressive, world of reason, but as specifically modern, arising in important aspects from the Enlightenment itself, and representing key weaknesses within it, including its inability to engage the question of radical evil in modernity; the increasing dominance of technology, and technical rationality; the rise of mass society and mass politics, and the accompanying crisis of classical liberalism and its vision of democracy; and the rise of extreme nationalism and anti-liberal politics as an at least partial consequence of liberal modernity, not as its simple antithesis. The goal was to grasp these dynamics philosophically, historically, and sociologically, in order to understand how they might be countered in pursuit of suitably chastened but nonetheless recognizable Enlightenment values and principles.

Although Katznelsons account does not include any scholars in the nascent field of IR. Yet his analysis captures remarkably many of the concerns of some of the most prominent thinkers in post-war IR, including Morgenthau, Neibuhr, and Herz, who might well be viewed as part of an analagous IR enlightenment. Post-war realism was not concerned simply with defeating a facile idealism, or teaching realpolitik to a naively liberal America. Nor was it interested constructing a modern social science. On the contrary, IR in this period began as a reaction against rationalist social science. As research by Nicolas Guilhotand others has shown, IR was an irredentist movement driven by political as well as methodological reasons. At its core was the need to engage in the urgent task of assessing the flaws of existing forms of liberal modernism and, I believe, with providing foundations for a new and more realistic liberalism.

If this is true, then the canonical divide between realism and liberalism that continues to dominate IR theory is fundamentally erroneous. Realism sought to reformulate and revive a form of liberalism by looking hard at the legacy of desolation and trying to address it. Far from being its implacable adversary, Realism in post-war IR emerged as one of the most powerful attempts to reformulate and save liberalism. The historical forgetting of these concerns has created the strangely divided theoretical landscape that we see today. It has allowed a denuded liberalism to continue blithely on, as if none of the desolation had ever happened, or as if it had little or nothing to do with liberalism itself. At the same time, it allows large parts of contemporary realism to operate without a serious engagement with its historical relationship to liberalism. Putting the IR enlightenment back into disciplinary history puts this issue back on the contemporary agenda.

Equally importantly, it also lets us rethink the relationship between Realism and critical and constructivist theories to which it is often opposed. It is often claimed that post-war American IR developed as a positivist social science, and that this marks a fundamental divide between American and European IR, which remained more historically and sociologically oriented. True as this may be of contemporary theory, it cannot be convincingly traced to the thinkers of the IR enlightenment, who were fundamentally opposed to rationalist social science for political as well as methodological reasons. As IR has moved ever closer toward rationalist political science, it has become increasingly blind to this heritage. Losing its previous scepticism toward social science, IR became in many ways a standard-bearer for precisely the kinds of political knowledge that the IR enlightenment had been at pains to reject and which they sought to construct the field in opposition towards. In fact, if one wished to be particularly provocative, it is possible to say that from this perspective what is often taken as the defining moment in the invention of IR theory Waltzs Theory of International Politics actually marked the culmination of a move away from the fields beginnings and represents the end of IR theory as conceived by the IR enlightenment. From that point onward, the irredentist analytic and political concerns of its earlier beginnings were almost fully eclipsed as IR was subsumed within the conventions of American social science that the proponents of post-war liberal realism had opposed and sought to avoid.

This history shows, finally, that from its very inception IR was a substantive normative and political project. The IR enlightenment did not have all the answers. But a more serious engagement with it may provide both a clearer understanding of where we have come from, and open paths to a more productive future for the field as an analytic and a political enterprise.

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The challenge begins with how to pronounce his name. The first bit should sound like Knee, the second like cher: Knee cher.Friedrich Nietzsche was born in 1844 in a quiet village in the eastern part of Germany, where for generations his forefathers had been pastors. He did exceptionally well at school and university; and so excelled at ancient Greek (a very prestigious subject, at the time) that he was made a professor at the University of Basel when still only in his mid-twenties

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