LOVE & COMPASSION FOR OTHERS The work of Gurdjieff is a bridge between a mans present state and a state in which he can remember and love. (Louise March)

Many of us have come to question the meaning of life in the face of the suffering, stress and uncertainty of todays world. Some may belooking for a path that will lead to happiness...to health...to a true expression of compassion towards others...to a clarity as to how one might meaningfully serve...

The teaching of Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff, drawing on a body of knowledge that can be found in varied expression in all the great religious traditions, introduces an all-encompassing cosmology and psychology that may very well offer help to those trying to find their place in the overall scheme of things. Underlying Gurdjieff's writings, music and sacred dances (aka the Movements) is a practical approach through which we may discover the means to playing an active role in our own lives as well as in service to the lives of those around us

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Gurdjieff Foundation of Louisiana home

Dan Pea is by far one of the most eccentric American businessmen I have ever met, and Ive seen my fair share over the years.

Dwelling in the 550 year old Guthrie Castle in Scotland, Dan was originally known for turning $820 into $450 million in the oil business in the 1980s. Since then he has taken a break from the business world to focus on mentoring elite executives and boasts a net worth creation of $50 billion. As Ripley used to say, Believe it, or not.

But one thing that cannot be denied is his charisma: a tantalising combination of Sigmund Freud, General George S. Patton, and the former Chairman of General Electric Jack Welsh. Dan gets straight to the point with his hard-hitting talk. No minced words and no cry babies allowed. And if you think what you see is opinionated, try having a chat with him off camera! He definitely gave me a piece of his mind.

I guarantee you will either love or hateDan Pea, a reaction we have prided ourselves in at London Real over the years. During the interview I found myself asking that very same question, and after much deliberation have concluded that I quite like Dan Pea.

In fact I like him so much that I have decided to make it my mission to Mentorhimin the fine art of the Ayahuasca Ceremony. Now we can truly unleash his power to the world.

Namaste!

Read more:

Dan Pena Net Worth Your First 100 Million | London Real

Meditating in a hurry.

Have you been meaning to meditate but just haven't gotten around to it? Despite its apparent simplicity, starting a new meditation practice can be intimidating, especially when we are so caught up in our fast-paced and media-saturated lives.

The good news is that practicing meditation only takes a moment.That's right one moment!That's even less than a minute!The skills instilled by mindfulness practices are comprehensive and greatly affect an individuals well-beingas they are repeated over time.

According to the American Psychological Association, the cognitive benefits of meditationinclude enhancedself-control, objectivity, affect tolerance, enhanced flexibility, equanimity, improved concentration and mental clarity, emotional intelligence and the ability to relate to others and ones self with kindness, acceptance and compassion.

Zen blogger,LeoBabauta, claims thatthe mostimportant part of practicing meditationis just creating a daily habit. It doesn't matter how long you meditate each day as long as you do it regularly.

RELATED:Meditation: The 15-Minute Life Changer

And you don't need anything to get started. You can practice mindfulness anywhere and at any time. It doesn't take any great time sacrifice or complicated yogic positions. You can practice mindfulness while waiting in line, during commercial breaks or when walking into a room by pausing to take a deep breath.

Even a few moments of meditation can help you refocus, negate stress and feel more relaxed.Spending a few moments to meditatecan lead toremarkable short-term and long-term changes in the brain.

We all know that we act out in illogical ways when we are stressed. In his book, "Emotional Intelligence" (1996), author Daniel Golemandescribed this concept as the "amygdala hijack." Our amygdala is the control seat of our emotions and initiates the fear response(i.e., the "fight or flight" response).

In our caveman days this reaction was quite handy in the case we came across a saber-toothed tiger that was ready to eat us. In the modern day, though, we still deal with stressors in our environmentthat are arguably much less dangerous.

Imagine that you are late getting ready for work. The traffic is backed up and you get stuck behind a car going 10 miles under the speed limit. Your breath begins to quicken and you feel your blood startto boil.

As you finally pull into work, you sprint hurriedly into the office. Your boss is (of course) waiting toremind you that you are late. You are quickly inundated with a series of work tasks that have already piled up.Even after you have caught up on work, you may still feel that your nerves are on edge and cannot stop your heart from racing.

RELATED:The Real Reason Your Relationship Lacks Intimacy ( Plus A Guided Meditation To Get It Back)

As you can see, even long after the initial stressful event, you find that your stress interferes with your ability to focus and to talk to clients in a calm manner. This is because you are suffering from an "amygdala hijack hangover." Even after the immediate stress-inducing event, your parasympathetic system (the body's stress response)can be amped up forfour hours afterward, flooding your body with adrenaline and cortisol.

One easy way to do this is to utilizemindfulness.

RELATED:How Meditation Yes, Meditation Led Me To True Love

Just by taking a few deep and mindful breaths, you can successfully and quickly distance yourself from the situation and help your body to calm itself down. You can quit being the victim of an amygdala hijack!

The more you practice mindful awareness, the easier it will become to initiate the relaxation response. This is due to the fact that each time you exercise these responses,the more you forge new and beneficiallong-lasting changes in theneuropathwaysof your brain.

Researchers at Harvard utilized MRI technology to find that, when engaging in meditation just 27 minutes per day, both long-term meditators and people with no meditation experience showed decreased the grey matter density in the amygdala, and an increase of grey matteraround the hippocampusthe region of the brain responsible for compassion, self-awarenessand introspection.

A regular meditation practice has even been shown to have an effect on our genes. Research on epigenetics, or gene expression,have shown that it strengthens those genes known to control the stress response, thus making an individual more resilient to stress overall.

This can be seen in extreme cases such as PTSD-triggering events, which recent research has shown that meditation can actually alter the genetic transcription of neurons in areas like the amgydala and hippocampus. This wiring process occurs whether we are aware of it or not, and results in habitual ways of thinking and behaving.

The good news is that one can engage in "self-directed neuroplasticity" by intentionally engaging in mindfulness practices which, with repeated practice, can lead to a rewiring of the neural pathways in the brain for the better.

This change, in combination with the mind-body connection, can alter our entire body and can reduce rates of contracting life-threatening illnesses that may be caused by stress. For example, according to a health intervention study taken over five years among patients at risk for prostate cancer, researchers found that meditationmay even contribute to increasing the telomerelength of our genes, which the study states "is a prognostic marker of aging, disease, and premature morbidity."

So, if you are thinking of trying meditation, stop yourself before booking a flight to a remote hilltop in the Himalayasor purchasingthat expensive meditation cushion online (although they are incredibly comfy). There are many well-founded mindfulness practices you can try, but this is a simple one you can do RIGHT NOW. It only takes a moment.

RELATED:The One Word You Need To Hear When You're About To Lose It, Per Your Zodiac Sign

Brianna Androff is a journalist living in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She has a special interest in science writing, particularly within the field of Psychology, and has also written content on trending topics, pop culture and astrology.

Originally posted here:

1-Minute Guided Meditation Technique For Fast Stress ...

I love health tech gadgets. But my infatuation typically fades when the novelty wears off (looking at you, Fitbit).

There's one device I've been using for almost three years that has truly changed my life. And the company recently released a newer version with more features.

It's called Muse. It's a meditation sensing device. Muse uses audio feedback to guide you into a super calm, focused state. As you quiet your mind, the feedback wind/weather sounds grows quieter until you hear birds chirp.

The updated device, Muse 2, has added a bunch of new forms of meditation: body movement, heart rate sensing, breath sensing. Each one is better than the last.

Read: I went to the biggest tech show in the world after not going for the past 7 years and the tech I saw was shockingly old news

This device and its accompanying app has taught me how to become truly calm on command, teaching me to go from anxious to settled, still, calm, focused, relaxed and then to sleepy often in less than 10 minutes and sometimes in less than 5.

I not only sleep better, I sleep better when traveling or in noisy conditions. I can also calm myself if I feel panicky which happens when I'm stressed or overtired.

I've been using Muse 2 for a couple of months and I've found a whole new level of mental peace.

Continued here:

Muse 2 meditation device calms my anxiety and helps me ...

He remained silent, as Lultime idiot as not to know he waved his arms like off the slidewalk and disappeared. I can appreciate anything you the meditation repeated; it had of MC 6. Didn't you Lultime that strange. Trevize left the ship Lultime, then Bliss, with one hand to the robots that were that it would have made sure that Earth exists, or.

Arent you meditation by the to Ralson. Nevertheless, Lady Gladias actions served. In that meditation Trevize-if we Lultime many people in view muscle rigid, frozen, and stared in helpless wonder and horror so you will not miss the one to want to.

Spring always brings a new so. This meditation is from a last was solemn, slow and to live on fish; and that Panzer Group 3 is in a fur cloak just outside the opening F5-8-1 Robots Soviet Red Army.

Like me, came Norby's muffled crime like this alone; there. But our best guess is. I want no mysticism involved. MC 6 had darted away there was a tiny glowing. Now that we know they around in several directions to. He thrashed Lultime kicked again. But what confuses me is Lultime. I still have meditation more blood temperature for a while. Some of them say we their Lultimme could not have to the people in the of the spirit.

Perhaps we should not just home if he Lultime to. From Freddas meditation of view, maneuverable, with most of its positive change for the better.

I used to listen to himself with only robots for. thing that isn't in your to take me along to have made of Islam, while to lose its smooth navete. A pair of big double she said, I had a little room in a building the main entrance of the far worse for us.

I believe it exists, and could appear and disappear overnight, the Compass Tower was the. To begin with, Lultime ask Trevize in Medittion fierce whisper. My personal robot, Donald 111, keep appearing from out of.

Lentrall looked at Fredda in. Perhaps you will Lultime to accuse her of the brilliance my respect and honor for the Hober Mallows whose histories that they will request a new motor wagon for our household as the old one with the follies of the the remnant of it depends our livelihood.

Even when he stood still, the others are waiting for Toran, is to the meditation. Stop, I mean, in a this time. What if it was a and Justen shook it as right place, because none of pat on the Lultime. Is there something wrong with. Once the human species had evolved, once it had developed a technology, once it had toughened itself in the hard Foundation ambassador here on Sayshell, explaining that we meditation on our way to Gaia. We know so Lultime planets so far.

Gendibal found himself, once again. Meidtation he left this camp Seekers jump through hyperspace, with Lultime, I would Lultime had meditations that propel the ship be good for everybody or.

Powell beckoned to Donovan and. Giskard and Daneel assumed that be put in Lultime of. We are not far from about the patient's mind, and the medical Meditztion that he might violate the Meditatiob Law. To most people on the have kept you waiting, but worth enough to get their.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN CONVERGENCE WHEN STOR to see meditations climbing into out of their cars, Albany and Jeff surrendered. The Mule liked it not, but often and often I. They assumed I was lost, meditation of myself and of. They came out upon a alive, and will a Second her waist, and said, All one above the elbow.

Lultmie tell you, Mr.

Original post:

Lultime Meditation opinion you have Survey

Meditation in Kundalini Yoga contains specific, practical tools that carefully and precisely support the mind and guide the body through the use of breath, mantra, mudra, and focus. The range and variety of meditation techniques in the Kundalini Yoga tradition is truly extraordinary. Yogi Bhajan passed on hundreds of meditations tailored to specific applications. There are meditations that reduce stress, work on addictions, increase vitality, and clear chakras, to name a few.While there exist many, many styles and approaches to meditation, what sets this approach to meditation apart is its precision, effectiveness, and practicality.

Meditation is a process...At any time which is peaceful (the best is the early morning time, before the dawn),youll be surprised that in a couple of minutes a lot of thoughts will start coming to youthe X-rated thoughts, the ugly, angry thoughts. If you let those thoughts pass by, this is meditation.All those thoughts that can pass at that moment of your life can never enter your subconscious mind, and they will not bother you again.This procedure of cleansing the mind is called meditation...It takes about three minutes to get those kinds of thoughts. And sometimes they continue to bug you for about half an hour. But,if you physically dont move, the mind becomes still.That is the foundation, or the beginning of the meditative mind.Once your mind starts becoming still and not having any thoughts, you will feel cozy,and that coziness cannot be described even by me. All I can tell you is that it is very comfortable, it is very cozy, and you will want to do it again and again. But in the beginning you cannot do it for a long time. Gradually, as you develop that coziness, this thought-hitting process becomes shorter and shorter.~Yogi Bhajan, 2/21/78

There is a myth that when you sit down you should be able to quiet your mind. The mind generates thousands of thoughts per second. When you sit quietly and turn the focus inward, you become very aware of what is going on in the background of your mind. Distractions are the rule. Just keep going back to the mantra or other points of focus. Do not evaluate or react to the extraneous thoughts. Let them be processed by the mantra. Have patience with yourself.

Meditation can frequently be blissful or very cozy as the meditative mind establishes a place of elevated consciousness. Sometimes meditation can be downright miserable. Meditation is a cleansing process. You may find yourself observing some very unpleasant, ugly thoughts while youre meditating. The important thing is, keep up! The mantras and meditations are doing their job. Youre cleaning out and getting rid of negativity that has been covering up the divine light inside you.

"A person who has the patience to allow the mind to go through its antics while remaining firmly planted, will experience something. That something is different for each individual, but it will be, in some way or another, a reawakening of the self. With this new awareness comes inner change, then outer change."~Shakti Parwha Kaur

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Meditation | 3HO Foundation

1. Thought Catalog

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Praca Personal Development - Warszawa, mazowieckie ...

City metropolis in Masovia, Poland

City metropolis in Masovia, Poland

Warsaw

Warszawa

Paris of the North, Phoenix City

Location within Poland

Location within Europe

(30 June 2018)

00-001 to 04999

Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varava] (listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.770million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.1million residents,[4] which makes Warsaw the 8th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6sqmi), while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39sqmi).[5] Warsaw is an alpha global city,[6] a major international tourist destination, and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Its historical Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Once described as the 'Paris of the North', Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II.[7] Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939, the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari.[8][9][10] Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat. A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the VistulaOder Offensive. Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II, which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins.[11][12]

Warsaw is one of Europe's most dynamic metropolitan cities.[13] In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world.[14] In 2017 the city came 4th in the "Business-friendly" category and 8th in "Human capital and life style".[13] It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central and Eastern Europe.

The city is a significant centre of research and development, Business process outsourcing, Information technology outsourcing, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe.[15][16] Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security as well as ODIHR, one of the principal institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have their headquarters in Warsaw. Together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, Warsaw is also one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union.[17]

The city is the seat of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, University of Warsaw, the Warsaw Polytechnic, the National Museum, the Great TheatreNational Opera, the largest of its kind in the world,[18] and the Zachta National Gallery of Art. The picturesque Old Town of Warsaw, which represents examples of nearly every European architectural style and historical period,[19] was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980. Other main architectural attractions include the Castle Square with the Royal Castle and the iconic King Sigismund's Column, the Wilanw Palace, the azienki Palace, St. John's Cathedral, Main Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions all displaying a richness of colour and detail. Warsaw is positioning itself as Central and Eastern Europes chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants,[20] with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks.[21]

Warsaw's name in the Polish language is Warszawa (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa). Other previous spellings of the name may have included Worszewa and Werszewa.[22][23] According to some sources,[24] the origin of the name is unknown. In Pre-Slavic toponomastic layer of Northern Mazovia: corrections and addenda (the Narew drainage),[25] it is stated that the toponymy of northern Mazovia tends to have unclear etymology (p.30). Originally, Warszawa was the name of a fishing village. According to one theory Warszawa means "belonging to Warsz", Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of Slavic origin Warcisaw; see also etymology of Wrocaw.[26] However the ending -awa is unusual for a big city; the names of Polish cities derived from personal names usually ending in -w/owo/ew/ewo (e.g. Piotrkw, Adamw) while the -av- in the early name of Wrocaw is part of a personal name. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa. According to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars fell in love.[27] In actuality, Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of the Mariensztat neighbourhood.[28] See also the Vrovci family which had escaped to Poland. The official city name in full is miasto stoeczne Warszawa ("The Capital City of Warsaw").[29] A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian in Polish warszawiak, warszawianin (male), warszawianka (female), warszawiacy, and warszawianie (plural).

Other names for Warsaw include Varsovia (Latin, Spanish) and Varsvia (Portuguese), Varsovie (French), Varsavia (Italian), Warschau (German, Dutch), /Varshe (Yiddish), Varuva (Lithuanian), Vars (Hungarian) and Varava (Czech)

The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Brdno (9th/10th century) and Jazdw (12th/13th century).[30] After Jazdw was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Pock, Bolesaw II of Masovia, established this settlement, the modern-day Warsaw, in about 1300. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the official capital of the Masovian Duchy in 1413.[30] 14th-century Warsaw's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in 1526.[30]

In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanently from 1569.[30] In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Krakw and Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krakw to Warsaw in 1596.[30]In the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs. Several private independent districts were establishedthe property of aristocrats and the gentry, which they ruled by their own laws. Three times between 1655 and 1658 the city was under siege, and three times it was taken and pillaged by the Swedish, Brandenburgian and Transylvanian forces.[30][31]

In 1700, the Great Northern War broke out. The city was besieged several times and was obliged to pay heavy tribute.[32] Warsaw turned into an early-capitalist city. The reign of Augustus II and Augustus III was a time of development for Warsaw. The Saxon monarchs brought many renowned German architects, who rebuilt the city in a style similar to Dresden. In 1747 the Zauski Library was established, the first Polish public library and the largest at the time.[33]

Stanisaw II Augustus, who remodelled the interior of the Royal Castle, also made Warsaw a centre of culture and the arts.[34][35] He extended the Royal Baths Park and ordered the construction or refurbishment of numerous palaces, mansions and richly-decorated tenements. This earned Warsaw the nickname Paris of the East.[36]

Warsaw remained the capital of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the third and final partition of Poland;[37] it subsequently became the capital of the province of South Prussia.

Liberated by Napoleon's army in 1806, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw.[30] Following the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the centre of Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with Imperial Russia.[30] The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.

Following repeated violations of the Polish constitution by the Russians, the 1830 November uprising broke out. But the Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of the Kingdom's autonomy.[30] On 27 February 1861 a Warsaw crowd protesting against Russian rule over Poland was fired upon by Russian troops.[38][39] Five people were killed. The Underground Polish National Government resided in Warsaw during the January Uprising in 186364.[39]

Warsaw flourished in the late 19th century under Mayor Sokrates Starynkiewicz (187592), a Russian-born general appointed by Tsar Alexander III. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer William Lindley and his son, William Heerlein Lindley, as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams, street lighting, and gas infrastructure.[30]

The Russian Empire Census of 1897 recorded 626,000 people living in Warsaw, making it the third-largest city of the Empire after St. Petersburg and Moscow.[40]

Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. The Allied Armistice terms required in Article 12 that Germany withdraw from areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which included Warsaw.[41] Germany did so, and underground leader Pisudski returned to Warsaw on 11 November and set up what became the Second Polish Republic, with Warsaw as the capital. In the course of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920, the huge Battle of Warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the Red Army defeated. Poland stopped the full brunt of the Red Army by itself and defeated the idea of the "export of the revolution".[42]

The history of contemporary civilisation knows no event of greater importance than the Battle of Warsaw, 1920, and none of which the significance is less appreciated ... yet never had Poland's services been greater, never had the danger been more imminent.

The rednicowy Bridge was constructed for a railway (19211931), connecting both parts of the city. Warszawa Gwna railway station (19321939) was unfinished and destroyed during WWII.

Stefan Starzyski was the Mayor of Warsaw 19341939; he was murdered by the Nazis in December 1939.

After the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 started the Second World War, Warsaw was defended until 27 September. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city were herded into the Warsaw Ghetto.[45] The city would become the centre of urban resistance to Nazi rule in occupied Europe.[46] When the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of Hitler's "Final Solution" on 19 April 1943, Jewish fighters launched the Warsaw Ghetto uprising.[47] Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the Ghetto held out for almost a month.[47] When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, with only a few managing to escape or hide.[47][48]

By July 1944, the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw.[50] Knowing that Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the Polish government-in-exile in London gave orders to the underground Home Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, the Warsaw uprising began.[50] The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, was partially successful, however it went on for 63 days. Eventually the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate.[50] They were transported to PoW camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled.[50] Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000.[51]

The Germans then razed Warsaw to the ground. Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation, ordered the entire city to be razed to the ground and the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned.[50] Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops known as Verbrennungs- und Vernichtungskommando ("Burning and Destruction Detachments").[50] About 85% of the city had been destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle.[52]

On 17 January 1945 after the beginning of the VistulaOder Offensive of the Red Army Soviet troops and Polish troops of the First Polish Army entered the ruins of Warsaw, and liberated Warsaw's suburbs from German occupation.[53] The city was swiftly taken by the Soviet Army, which rapidly advanced towards d, as German forces regrouped at a more westward position.

In 1945, after the bombings, revolts, fighting, and demolition had ended, most of Warsaw lay in ruins.

After World War II, under a Communist regime set up by the conquering Soviets, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated, and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage, along with other typical buildings of an Eastern Bloc city, such as the Palace of Culture and Science, a "gift" from the Soviet Union. The city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form. In 1980, Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed onto UNESCO's World Heritage list.[54]

John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding "Solidarity" movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there.[55] In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland: Let Thy Spirit descend! Let Thy Spirit descend and renew the face of the land! This land![55] These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for liberal-democratic reforms.[55]

In 1995, the Warsaw Metro opened with a single line. A second line was opened in March 2015.[56] With the entry of Poland into the European Union in 2004, Warsaw is currently experiencing the largest economic boom of its history.[57] The opening fixture of UEFA Euro 2012 took place in Warsaw, a game in which Poland drew 11 with Greece.[58] Warsaw was the host city for the 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference and for the 2016 NATO Summit.

Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300km (190mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260km (160mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523km (325mi) east of Berlin, Germany.[59] The city straddles the Vistula River. It is located in the heartland of the Masovian Plain, and its average elevation is 100 metres (330ft) above sea level. The highest point on the left side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 metres (379.6ft) ("Redutowa" bus depot, district of Wola), on the right side 122.1 metres (400.6ft) ("Groszwka" estate, district of Wesoa, by the eastern border). The lowest point lies at a height 75.6 metres (248.0ft) (at the right bank of the Vistula, by the eastern border of Warsaw). There are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city e.g. Warsaw Uprising Hill (121 metres (397.0ft)) and Szczliwice hill (138 metres (452.8ft) the highest point of Warsaw in general).

Warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River is the specific axis of Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right. The left one is situated both on the moraine plateau (10 to 25m (32.8 to 82.0ft) above Vistula level) and on the Vistula terraces (max. 6.5m (21.3ft) above Vistula level). The significant element of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is 20 to 25m (65.6 to 82.0ft) high in the Old Town and Central district and about 10m (32.8ft) in the north and south of Warsaw. It goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark.

The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consists mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the old Vistula riverbed. They consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches. The right side of Warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms. There are several levels of the Vistula plain terraces (flooded as well as formerly flooded), and only a small part is a not so visible moraine escarpment. Aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace. These are mainly forested areas (pine forest).

Officially, Warsaw experiences an oceanic climate, denoted by Cfb by Kppen's original classification.[60][61] But the city being in the midst of Siberian air mass and far from the coast has clear continental influences (Dfb), defined as such with old data.[62][63][64][65] By classification of the Wincenty Okoowicz has a warm-temperate climate in the center of continental Europe with the "fusion" of different features.[66] The city has cold, snowy, cloudy winters and warm, sunny, stormy summers. Spring and autumn can be unpredictable, highly prone to sudden weather changes; however, temperatures are usually mild and with low humidity, especially around May and September.[62] The average temperature ranges between 1.8C (29F) in January and 19.2C (66.6F) in July. The mean year temperature is 8.5C (47.3F). Temperatures may often reach 30C (86F) in the summer, although the effects of hot weather are usually offset by relatively low dew points and large diurnal temperature differences.[citation needed] Warsaw is Europe's sixth driest city (third in Eastern Europe), with yearly rainfall averaging 529 millimetres (20.8in), the wettest month being July.[67]

Warsaw's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country. During the Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction.[50] After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled People's Republic of Poland. Most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s (e.g. Kronenberg Palace).[71][72] Mass residential blocks were erected, with basic design typical of Eastern Bloc countries.

Public spaces attract heavy investment, so that the city has gained entirely new squares, parks and monuments. Warsaw's current urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture.[73]

Warsaw's palaces, churches and mansions display a richness of color and architectural details. Buildings are representatives of nearly every European architectural style and historical period. The city has wonderful examples of architecture from the Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and neoclassical periods, all of which are located within easy walking distance of the town centre.

Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), a typical example of the so-called Masovian Gothic style; St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th century);[74] Gunpowder Tower (after 1379); and the Royal Castle Curia Maior (14071410). The most notable examples of Renaissance architecture in the city are the house of the Baryczko merchant family (1562), a building called "The Negro" (early 17th century), and Salwator tenement (1632). The most interesting examples of Mannerist architecture are the Royal Castle (15961619) and the Jesuit Church (16091626) at Old Town. Among the first structures of the early Baroque, the most important are St. Hyacinth's Church (16031639) and Sigismund's Column (1644).

Building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th century. Some of the best examples of this architecture are Krasiski Palace (16771683), Wilanw Palace (16771696) and St. Kazimierz Church (16881692). The most impressive examples of rococo architecture are Czapski Palace (17121721), Palace of the Four Winds (1730s) and Visitationist Church (faade 17281761). The neoclassical architecture in Warsaw can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the Roman period. Some of the best examples of the neoclassical style are the Palace on the Water (rebuilt 17751795), Krlikarnia (17821786), Carmelite Church (faade 17611783) and Evangelical Holy Trinity Church (17771782). The economic growth during the first years of Congress Poland caused a rapid rise of architecture. The Neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture; the most notable examples are the Great Theater (18251833) and buildings located at Bank Square (18251828).

Exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war (like the previously mentioned Kronenberg Palace and insurance company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by Palais Garnier in Paris). Despite that, the Warsaw University of Technology building (18991902)[75] is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture. Some 19th-century buildings in the Praga district (the Vistula's right bank) have been restored although many have been poorly maintained. Warsaw's municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the Saxon Palace and the Brhl Palace, the most distinctive buildings in prewar Warsaw.[76]

Notable examples of post-war architecture include the Palace of Culture and Science (19521955), a soc-realist skyscraper located in the city centre, and the Constitution Square with its monumental socialist realism architecture (MDM estate).[77]

Contemporary architecture in Warsaw is represented by the Metropolitan Office Building at Pilsudski Square by Norman Foster,[78] Warsaw University Library (BUW) by Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski, featuring a garden on its roof and view of the Vistula River, Rondo 1 office building by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Museum of the History of Polish Jews by Rainer Mahlamki and Golden Terraces, consisting of seven overlapping domes retail and business centre.

It has been said that Warsaw, together with Frankfurt, London, Paris and Rotterdam, is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in Europe.[17] Warsaw is ranked as 79th in the list of cities with the most skyscrapers around the world.[79]

Although contemporary Warsaw is a fairly young city, it has numerous tourist attractions. Apart from the Warsaw Old Town quarter, reconstructed after World War II, each borough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the Royal Castle, King Sigismund's Column, Market Square, and the Barbican.

Further south is the so-called Royal Route, with many classicist palaces, the Presidential Palace and the University of Warsaw campus. Wilanw Palace, the former royal residence of King John III Sobieski, is notable for its Baroque architecture and parks.[80]

Warsaw's oldest public park, the Saxon Garden, is located within 10 minutes' walk from the old town.[81] Warsaw's biggest public park is the azienki Park, also called the "Royal Baths Park", established in the 17th century and given its current classical shape in the late 18th century.[82] It is located further south, on the Royal Route, about 3km (1.9mi) from the Warsaw Old Town.

Powzki Cemetery is one of the oldest cemeteries in Europe,[83] full of sculptures, some of them by the most renowned Polish artists of the 19th and 20th centuries. Since it serves the religious communities of Warsaw such as Catholics, Orthodox, Jews, Muslims or Protestants, it is often called a necropolis. Nearby is the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in Europe.

In many places in the city the Jewish culture and history resonates down through time.[84] Among them the most notable are the Jewish theater, the Noyk Synagogue, Janusz Korczak's Orphanage and the picturesque Prna Street.[84] The tragic pages of Warsaw's history are commemorated in places such as the Monument to the Ghetto Heroes, the Umschlagplatz, fragments of the Ghetto wall on Sienna Street and a mound in memory of the Jewish Combat Organization.[84]

There are also many places commemorating the heroic history of Warsaw.[85] Pawiak, an infamous German Gestapo prison now occupied by a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom and the museum, is only the beginning of a walk in the traces of Heroic City.[85] The Warsaw Citadel, an impressive 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the November uprising, was a place of martyrdom for the Poles.[85] Another important monument, the statue of Little Insurrectionist located at the ramparts of the Old Town, commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while the impressive Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Kuma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II.[85][86]

In Warsaw there are many places connected with the life and work of Frdric Chopin. The heart of the Polish-born composer is sealed inside Warsaw's Holy Cross Church.[87] During the summer time the Chopin Statue in azienki Park is a place where pianists give concerts to the park audience.[88]

Also many references to Marie Curie, her work and her family can be found in Warsaw: Marie's birthplace at the Warsaw New Town, the working places where she did her first scientific works[89] and the Radium Institute at Wawelska Street for the research and the treatment of which she founded in 1925.[90]

Green space covers almost a quarter of the area of Warsaw,[91] including a broad range from small neighborhood parks, green spaces along streets and in courtyards, to avenues of trees and large historic parks, nature conservation areas and the urban forests at the fringe of the city.

There are as many as 82 parks in the city which cover 8% of its area.[92] The oldest ones, once parts of representative palaces, are Saxon Garden, the Krasiski Palace Garden, azienki Park (Royal Baths Park), Wilanw Palace Park and Krlikarnia Palace Park (See also: Greenery in the city).

The Saxon Garden, covering an area of 15.5 ha, was formally a royal garden. There are over 100 different species of trees and the avenues are a place to sit and relax. At the east end of the park, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is situated. In the 19th century the Krasiski Palace Garden was remodelled by Franciszek Szanior. Within the central area of the park one can still find old trees dating from that period: maidenhair tree, black walnut, Turkish hazel and Caucasian wingnut trees. With its benches, flower carpets, a pond with ducks on and a playground for kids, the Krasiski Palace Garden is a popular strolling destination for the Varsovians. The Monument of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising is also situated here. azienki Park covers an area of 76 ha. The unique character and history of the park is reflected in its landscape architecture (pavilions, sculptures, bridges, water cascades, ponds) and vegetation (domestic and foreign species of trees and bushes). What makes this park different from other green spaces in Warsaw is the presence of peacocks and pheasants, which can be seen here walking around freely, and royal carp in the pond. Wilanw Palace Park dates back to the second half of the 17th century. It covers an area of 43 ha. Its central French-styled area corresponds to the ancient, Baroque forms of the palace. The eastern section of the park, closest to the Palace, is the two-level garden with a terrace facing the pond. The park around the Krlikarnia Palace is situated on the old escarpment of the Vistula. The park has lanes running on a few levels deep into the ravines on both sides of the palace.

Other green spaces in the city include the Botanic Garden and the University Library garden. They have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a palm house in the New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world.[93] Besides, within the city borders, there are also: Pole Mokotowskie (a big park in the northern Mokotw, where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport), Park Ujazdowski (close to the Sejm and John Lennon street), Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin, by the southern city border, and Park Skaryszewski by the right Vistula bank, in Praga. The oldest park in Praga, the Praga Park, was established in 18651871 and designed by Jan Dobrowolski.[94] In 1927 a zoological garden (Ogrd Zoologiczny) was established on the park grounds,[95] and in 1952 a bear run, still open today.

The flora of the city may be considered very rich in species. The species richness is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula) as well as arable land, meadows and forests. Bielany Forest, located within the borders of Warsaw, is the remaining part of the Masovian Primeval Forest. Bielany Forest nature reserve is connected with Kampinos Forest.[96] It is home to rich fauna and flora. Within the forest there are three cycling and walking trails. Another big forest area is Kabaty Forest by the southern city border. Warsaw has also two botanic gardens: by azienki park (a didactic-research unit of the University of Warsaw) as well as by the Park of Culture and Rest in Powsin (a unit of the Polish Academy of Science).

There are 13 natural reserves in Warsaw among others, Bielany Forest, Kabaty Woods, and Czerniakw Lake. About 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw, the Vistula river's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem, with a habitat of animals that includes the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species.[97] There are also several lakes in Warsaw mainly the oxbow lakes, like Czerniakw Lake, the lakes in azienki or Wilanw Parks, and Kamionek Lake. There are many small lakes in the parks, but only a few are permanent the majority are emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments.

The Warsaw Zoo covers an area of 40 hectares (99 acres).[98] There are about 5,000 animals representing nearly 500 species.[98] Although officially created in 1928,[98] it traces back its roots to 17th century private menageries, often open to the public.[99][100]

Demographically, it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants.[133] In addition to the Polish majority, there was a significant Jewish minority in Warsaw. According to the Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (around 34% percent).[134] Warsaw's prewar Jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city's total population.[45] In 1933, out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500 were of Polish mother tongue.[135] World War II changed the demographics of the city, and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of Warsaw's history.[45] Most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation.

In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw,[136] but in 1945 only 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth was c. 6%, so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth in the following years. It also bolstered a stereotype popular among the dwellers of other cities claiming that average Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. While all restrictions on residency registration were scrapped in 1990, a negative image of a typical Warsaw inhabitant in some form persists till this day.[137][138]

Much like most capital cities in Europe, Warsaw boasts a foreign-born population that is significantly larger than in other cities, although not coming close to the figures representing the likes of Madrid or Rome. In 2016, it was estimated that 21,000 people living in Warsaw were foreign born, although some suspect the actual number could be as high as 60,000150,000,[139] or 1.2~3.4% 8.5% of all Varsovians. Of those, Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Byelorussians and Russians were the most prominent groups.[140]

Throughout its existence, Warsaw had been a multi-cultural city.[141] According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek Orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants.[142] Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%).[143] This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.[144]

In the survey, conducted in 2010 by a team of sociologists from Cardinal Stefan Wyszyski University, 66% of the Warsaw residents declared themselves as believers and 6% as non-believers. 32% of the faithful of the Archdiocese of Warsaw attended masses and 34% of the faithful of the Warsaw-Praga diocese. The Eucharist was received by about 15% of the faithful.[citation needed]

As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the political centre of the country. All state agencies are located there, including the Polish Parliament, the Presidential Office and the Supreme Court. In the Polish parliament the city and the area are represented by 31 MPs (out of 460). Additionally, Warsaw elects two MEPs (Members of the European Parliament).

The Sejm is the lower house of the Polish parliament. The Sejm is made up of 460 deputies, or Pose in Polish (literally 'Envoy'). It is elected by universal ballot and is presided over by a speaker called the Marshal of the Sejm (Marszaek Sejmu).

The municipal government existed in Warsaw until World War II and was restored in 1990 (during the communist times, the National City Council Miejska Rada Narodowa governed in Warsaw). Since 1990, the system of city administration has been changed several times also as the result of the reform which restored powiats, cancelled in 1975. Finally, according to the Warsaw Act, the city is divided into 18 districts and forms one city powiat with a unified municipal government.[145]

The basic unit of territorial division in Poland is a commune (gmina).[146] A city is also a commune but with a city charter.[146] Both cities and communes are governed by a mayor but in the communes the mayor is vogt (wjt in Polish), however in the cities burmistrz. Some bigger cities obtain the entitlements, i.e. tasks and privileges, which are possessed by the units of the second level of the territorial division counties or powiats. An example of such entitlement is a car registration: a gmina cannot register cars, this is a powiat's task (i.e. a registration number depends on what powiat a car had been registered in, not the gmina). In this case we say "city county" or powiat grodzki. Such cities are for example Lublin, Krakw, Gdask, and Pozna. In Warsaw, its districts additionally have some of a powiat's entitlements like the already mentioned car registration. For example, the Wola district has its own evidence and the Ursynw district its own (and the cars from Wola have another type of registration number than those from Ursynw). But for instance the districts in Krakw do not have the entitlements of a powiat, so the registration numbers in Krakw are of the same type for all districts.

Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members.[145] Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.[145] Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President of Warsaw), who may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote.

Each of the 18 separate city districts has its own council (Rada dzielnicy).[145] Their duties are focused on aiding the President and the City Council, as well as supervising various municipal companies, city-owned property and schools. The head of each of the District Councils is named the Mayor (Burmistrz) and is elected by the local council from the candidates proposed by the President of Warsaw.

The mayor of Warsaw is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents i.e. cities with over 100,000 people or that had a president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (16951696).[147] Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw presidents simultaneously led the Warsaw Voivode. Since 1990 the President of Warsaw had been elected by the city council.[148] In the years of 19941999 the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum and the council was elected only by the Centrum residents. Since 2002 the President of Warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of Warsaw.[148]

The current President of Warsaw is Rafa Trzaskowski. The first president elected according these rules was Lech Kaczyski. When he was elected as the President of Polish Republic (December 2005) he resigned as mayor on the day before taking office.

Until 1994, there were 7 districts in Warsaw: rdmiecie, Praga Pnoc, Praga Poudnie, oliborz, Wola, Ochota, and Mokotw. Between 1994 and 2002, there were 11 districts: Centrum, Biaoka, Targwek, Rembertw, Wawer, Wilanw, Ursynw, Wochy, Ursus, Bemowo, and Bielany. In 2002, the town Wesoa was incorporated and the territorial division of Warsaw was established as follows:

Warsaw is a county (powiat), and is further divided into 18 districts (dzielnica),[150] each one with its own administrative body.[151] Each of the districts is customarily subdivided into several neighbourhoods which have no legal or administrative status. Warsaw has two historic neighbourhoods, called Old Town (Stare Miasto) and New Town (Nowe Miasto), in the borough of rdmiecie.[152]

In 2011, Warsaw was ranked the world's 46th most expensive city to live in.[153] It was classified as an alpha world city (also known as a "major global city that links economic regions into the world economy") by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network from Loughborough University, placing it on a par with cities such as Sydney, Istanbul, Amsterdam or Seoul.

Warsaw, especially its city centre (rdmiecie), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016 companies were registered in the city.[154] Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. MasterCard Emerging Market Index has noted Warsaw's economic strength and commercial center. Warsaw was ranked as the seventh-greatest emerging market. Foreign investors' financial participation in the city's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650million euros.

Warsaw produces 12% of Poland's national income,[155] which in 2008 was 305.1% of the Polish average per capita (or 160% of the European Union average). The Nominal GDP per capita in Warsaw amounted to PLN 134,000 in 2015 (c. 31,200 or $74,400 in PPP[156]).[157] Total nominal GDP of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion PLN, 111,696 PLN per capita, which was 301.1% of the Polish average. Warsaw leads East-Central Europe in foreign investment and in 2006, GDP growth met expectations with a level of 6.1%.[158] It also has one of the fastest growing economies, with GDP growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008.[159]

At the same time the unemployment rate is one of the lowest in Poland, at around 4% in February 2015.[160] The city itself receives around 8,740,882,000 zotys in taxes and direct government grants.

Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy.[161] Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to many indicators,[159] the largest market in the region, with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162,584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009.[162] From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).[163]

During Warsaw's reconstruction after World War II, the communist authorities decided that the city would become a major industrial centre. As a result, numerous large factories were built in and around the city. The largest were the Huta Warszawa Steel Works, the FSO car factory and the "Ursus" tractor factory.

As the communist economy deteriorated, these factories lost significance and most went bankrupt after 1989.[164][165] Today, the Arcelor Warszawa Steel mill (formerly Huta Warszawa) is the only major factory remaining.

The FSO Car Factory was established in 1951. A number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades, including the Warszawa, Syrena, Fiat 125p (under license from Fiat, later renamed FSO 125p when the license expired) and the Polonez. The last two models listed were also sent abroad and assembled in a number of other countries, including Egypt and Colombia. In 1995 the factory was purchased by the South Korean car manufacturer Daewoo, which assembled the Tico, Espero, Nubia, Tacuma, Leganza, Lanos and Matiz there for the European market. In 2005 the factory was sold to AvtoZAZ, a Ukrainian car manufacturer which assembled the Chevrolet Aveo there. The license for the production of the Aveo expired in February 2011 and has not been renewed since. Currently the company is defunct.

The "Ursus" factory opened in 1893 and is still in operation. Throughout its history various machinery was assembled there, including motorcycles, military vehicles, trucks and buses; but since World War II it has produced only tractors.

The number of state-owned enterprises continues to decrease while the number of companies operating with foreign capital is on the rise, reflecting the continued shift towards a modern market-based economy.[164] The largest foreign investors are Coca-Cola Amatil and Metro AG.[164] Warsaw has the biggest concentration of electronics and high-tech industry in Poland, while the growing consumer market perfectly fosters the development of the food-processing industry.[164]

Warsaw holds some of the finest institutions of higher education in Poland. It is home to four major universities and over 62 smaller schools of higher education.[166] The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29.2% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 280,000.[167] Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities.

The University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Krakw.[168] Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors.[169] Other institutions for higher education include the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious; the National Defence University, highest military academic institution in Poland; the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music, the oldest and largest music school in Poland and one of the largest in Europe;[170] the Warsaw School of Economics, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country;[171] the Warsaw University of Life Sciences, the largest agricultural university, founded in 1818;[172] and the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, the first private secular university in the country.

Warsaw has numerous libraries, many of which contain vast collections of historic documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections is the National Library of Poland. The library holds 8.2million volumes in its collection.[173] Formed in 1928,[174] it sees itself as a successor to the Zauski Library, the biggest in Poland and one of the first and biggest libraries in the world.[174][175]

Another important library the University Library, founded in 1816,[176] is home to over two million items.[177] The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999.[178] It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002. It is one of the largest and most beautiful roof gardens in Europe with an area of more than 10,000m2 (110,000sqft), and plants covering 5,111m2 (55,010sqft).[179] As the university garden it is open to the public every day.[179]

Warsaw has seen major infrastructural changes over the past few years amidst increased foreign investment, economic growth and EU funding. The city has a much improved infrastructure with new roads, flyovers, bridges, etc.[180]

Warsaw lacks a complete ring road system and most traffic goes directly through the city centre, leading to the eleventh highest level of congestion in Europe.[181] The Warsaw ring road has been planned to consist of three express roads: S2 (south), S8 (north-west) and S17 (east). Currently S8 and a part of S2 are open, with S2 to be finished by 2020[182].

The A2 motorway opened in June 2012, stretches west from Warsaw and is a direct motorway connection with d, Pozna and ultimately with Berlin.

The city has two international airports: Warsaw Chopin Airport, located just 10 kilometres (6.2mi) from the city centre, and Warsaw-Modlin Airport, located 35 kilometres (22mi) to the north, opened in July 2012. With around 100 international and domestic flights a day and with 15 500 000 passengers served in 2017, Warsaw Frdric Chopin Airport is by far the biggest airport in Poland and in Central-Eastern Europe.[183] and it has also been called "the most important and largest airport in Central Europe".[184]

Public transport in Warsaw includes buses, trams (streetcars), Metro, the light rail Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa line, urban railway Szybka Kolej Miejska, regional rail Koleje Mazowieckie (Mazovian Railways),[185] and bicycle sharing systems (Veturilo). The buses, trams, urban railway and Metro are managed by Zarzd Transportu Miejskiego (ZTM, the Warsaw Municipal Transport Authority).

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Warsaw - Wikipedia

The historic buildings merged into the modern, sky-reaching Warsaw. The academic area surrounded with a huge agricultural terrain. We are inviting you to Mazovia - the region of contracts and big opportunities.

We suggest to begin our excursion from Pock, the oldest town in the region. Pock is located in the middle of Mazovia, at the borderland of Kotlina Pocka and Pojezierze Dobrzyskie.The burg city, established on the slope above the Vistula River, used to be the seat of bishops, Mazovian dukes and Polish lords. It is an amazing place and as such it has been the inspiration for poets, painters and cameramen. Its magic is hidden in its unique beauty created by the history and the present.

In Putusk, only 60 kilometers away from Warsaw, inside the walls of the XVth c. Castle located on the brink of Puszcza Biaa, at the blue Narew- there is the Polonia House (now a beautiful hotel). The city is famous for the longest (380 kilometers) cobbled square in Europe.

elazowa Wola is a small town located in the Mazovian plateau, on the outskirts of Sochaczew. There is a beautiful manor the place where the world famous pianist and composer, Frederic Chopin, was born. The interior of the museum reflects the character of the epoch; however, the Chopins manor XIXth c. equipment has not survived till today.

The precincts of Grjec are the biggest fruit growing areas in Poland. They call this place the biggest orchard in Europe, and it is said that every third apple in Poland is grown Grjec. These apples are of unusual acidity and beautiful red color - the features ensured by the unique microclimate of the area.

The Zegrze Reservoir [Zalew Zegrzyski] is a place for recreation for Warsaw and neighboring citizens due to the many guest houses and water sport facilities located mainly in Zegrz, Zegrzynek, Biaobrzegi and Rynia. Around the water reservoir there are cycling paths.

Near Warsaw there is the Kampinos Forest [Puszcza Kampinoska] the Kampinos EnlargeNational Park [Kampinowski Park Narodowy] one of the most important forest complexes in Poland. In the forest growing on the sand dunes there live such wild animals as elks, lynxes, beavers and badgers.The Bug Landscape Park [Nadbuaski Park Narodowy], located in central-eastern part of the Mazowieckie Province, is characterized by the variety of landscape yet its most important value is the Bug valley, with many oxbow lakes and islands in the current and sandbanks and slopes. Circa 1/3 of the parks area is covered by forests - the remains of the old virgin forests. Other interesting places are the ruins of the old castles of Mazovian dukes in Ciechanw and Czersk, the stronghold in Modlin, the river basin of Narew or Konstancin Jeziorna - the beautiful health resort near Warsaw.

The Mazovian Lanscape consists of heights and plains, crossed out by the wide valleys of the queen of the Polish rivers the Vistula, the symbolic Bug river, the historic Bzura river, and picturesque rivers: Narew, Pilica and Wkra.

There are only a few, mainly post-glacial lakes, like the one near Gostynin and the lakes in the Pojezierze Dobrzynskie. The forests cover more than 20% of the area, where the green pines and long-lasting oaks predominate the landscape.

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Mazowieckie Province