Maybe a sense of calm comes with a walk in the woods surrounded by birdsong or during the quiet of your morning meditation or evening prayer. Maybe the rhythm of knitting or the earthy smell of gardening clears your head.

Science backs up what we know intuitively: Time we spend in nature or on calming practices or hobbies can benefit our mental and physical health. These activities rejuvenate us, right down to our bodys living building blocks: our cells.

A UC San Francisco-based team led byAlexandra Crosswell, PhD, andElissa Epel, PhD, has woven together their own research and studies by others in various fields to connect the experience of, say, painting or practicing yoga to shifts in the nervous system and, subsequently, within our cells. To make this transition, our bodies and minds require certain conditions. But once these are met, the result, they say, isdeep rest.

This truly restorative state one never described before confers benefits unattainable through routine rest and relaxation. In putting forward this concept, the team highlights the regenerative biological processes that protect us as we age.

Deep rest is something our bodies need and deserve, says Epel, a professor of psychiatry and vice chair of psychology. With it, we improve our chances for healthy longevity.

To understand the benefits of deep rest, we must confront its counterpoint: stress. Surveys by the American Psychological Association suggest Americans experience plenty of this stomach-churning state. Almost half of adults who responded to a 2023 survey agreed at least somewhat with the statement My stress makes going to work [or] school increasingly difficult.

Stress, though it can interfere with our ability to function, originated in physiological mechanisms to help us meet challenges whether escaping a pack of wolves or facing fallout from a major work mistake. Just like the fear of being eaten, the threat of losing your colleagues respect can put your body on high alert, triggering a cascade of responses.

Your nervous system hands over control of unconscious processes like breathing and digestion to its in-house crisis response coordinator: the sympathetic nervous system. This shift kicks off a series of energy-demanding changes that prime your body and mind for action. Your heart beats faster. Blood flow increases to your skeletal muscles, which tense up. Your production of hormones, such as cortisol and other energizing chemical messengers, surges. Your alertness intensifies.

Together, these and other shifts help ready you to fight or flee even if youre just anxiously awaiting a reply to your apologetic email while imagining dire scenarios.

A certain degree of stress is inevitable in life, Crosswell points out. After years of studying stress, it became clear to us that we have to stop trying to get rid of it, she says. Stressful events are often outside our control, and our bodies response to them is natural and helpful.

Too much stress, however, can cause harm. She and her colleagues argue that many Americans spend most of their waking hours in a moderately stressed-out state, driven by feelings of uncertainty about the future and lack of control. While no surprise to many of us, the idea the team explores that we experience continual stress represents a new direction in scientific thinking, which has traditionally considered relaxation the default human state.

Ideally, a stress-inducing crisis comes to a quick, clear ending. Maybe your apology at work is accepted, the mistake quickly forgotten. But problems in modern life often dont come to quick, complete conclusions. Your boss may repeatedly deny requests for remote work. You and a loved one may frequently argue. You may struggle financially for years. Under such circumstances, stress can attenuate to a more moderate level, but it doesnt stop.

While less taxing, residual stress still drains you. Maintaining an elevated heart rate or pumping out more cortisol than usual requires extra energy. This energy takes the form of molecules known as ATP, or adenosine triphosphate. Cellular organelles called mitochondria make ATP by using oxygen from the air we breathe to harvest energy from fats, proteins, and glucose derived from food we eat.

Mitochondria are the source of the vital force that brings a cell to life and ultimately gives us our conscious mind, our emotions, saysMartin Picard, PhD, director of the Mitochondrial Psychobiology Group at Columbia University and one of Epel and Crosswells collaborators.

Everything we experience is powered by the energy flow inside our cells, he says, and that flow takes place in mitochondria.

While a single cell can contain hundreds of mitochondria, the organelles can generate only so much ATP for reasons that remain unclear. So when your body goes on alert, a cell diverts its limited ATP supply to carry out the urgent functions the stress response demands, such as contracting the heart or synthesizing hormones. This robs it of energy for more routine but necessary tasks.

Whats more, studies have linked diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders, with poor mitochondrial health. Picard suspects psychological stress has a similar effect, with mitochondria sustaining damage and becoming less productive when someone is under chronic strain.

Some prior studies and his own research with mothers caring for children on the autism spectrum, a source of chronic stress, support this idea. In a study led by Epel and described inBiological Psychiatry, Picard and others found that mitochondria in the mothers white blood cells had a reduced ability to transform energy into ATP. Cells face another potential consequence of damaged mitochondria: increased production of a potentially toxic byproduct of making ATP chemicals known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). If not neutralized, ROS can harm our cells.

The effects of chronic stress extend to our genetic material as well. At the tips of chromosomes, repeating segments of DNA form telomeres. With assistance from proteins, telomere caps protect the integrity of these packets of genetic code for as long as they can.

Each time a cell copies its genetic material so it can replicate, its telomeres lose a little DNA and shorten. Research started 20 years ago by Epel, with UCSF colleagues Nobel laureateElizabeth Blackburn, PhD, andJue Lin, PhD, shows that chronic psychological stress further shortens telomeres. This loss is a consequence of exposure to ROS, the release of hormones like cortisol, and inflammation. Molecular studies of cells substantiate this connection: By mimicking long-term exposure to the stress hormone cortisol, Picard has shown that cells respond by revving up their metabolisms, which shortens telomeres and hastens cell death.

Continue reading here:

The power of deep rest - University of California

It also prevents injury and reduces the likelihood of sprains and strains by strengthening our ligaments and tendons, she adds. Plus, the movements promote good blood flow, which aids in muscle recovery and all-round healing.

Research published in 2016 in the International Journal of Yoga revealed that 10 weeks of yoga practice improved balance and flexibility in college athletes and may therefore enhance the athletic performances that require these characteristics.

Retired American football quarterback Tom Brady, American basketball player LeBron James, former British footballer Ryan Giggs and American tennis player Coco Gauff are among the elite athletes who have incorporated yoga in their training routines.

A study published in August 2020 in the medical journal JAMA Psychiatry found that yoga improves symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder, suggesting that the practice may be useful for people dealing with anxiety.

Chellaram has experienced such benefits first-hand. A relationship break-up in her twenties triggered a bout of melancholy and anxiety. She turned to Western psychiatry and was prescribed anti-anxiety medication, which helped, but soon she started feeling lethargic and unmotivated.

After just a few sessions, I felt like a weight had been lifted off my shoulders and I felt joyful again. I began practising sudarshan kriya daily and eventually weaned myself off my anti-anxiety medication. This technique is still integral to my daily yoga practice, Chellaram says.

Diva Chugani, a certified yoga teacher in Hong Kong, has clients who have overcome depression and anxiety with yoga.

They tell me that yoga cheers them up and makes them feel whole again, she says.

Chugani says yoga has helped improve the quality of life for many clients suffering from chronic pain.

In 2017, The American College of Physicians recommended yoga as a first-line treatment for lower back pain, ahead of pain medication.

For one, it gets you moving, and regular physical activity is known to keep the heart healthy.

By doing yoga for 30 minutes every other day for 16 weeks, people with afib were better able to manage their symptoms and reduce their number of afib episodes, according to the study.

Breathing is a core element of yoga, so practising yoga regularly can help you become more aware of your breathing and how it affects your mind and body. A study published in 2019 in the journal Psychiatry pointed out that deep breathing may help treat insomnia, as it reduces tension, assists with relaxation and improves sleep.

Melatonin helps control how and when we sleep.

Regular physical activity is known to help induce sleepiness and improve sleep quality. Doing gentle yoga in the evening hours may help you fall asleep faster and encourage a deeper state of relaxation.

Yoga can keep our brain healthy and young.

The researchers found that kundalini yoga, which focuses on breathwork and meditation more than physical poses, restored neural pathways, prevented brain matter decline and helped reverse signs of ageing and inflammation in the brain.

There is also evidence that doing yoga just once or twice a week boosts brain performance in ways that are similar to aerobic exercise. A review published in 2019 in the journal Brain Plasticity found that regular yoga practice may positively affect key areas of the brain that are responsible for memory and information processing as well as emotional regulation.

See the original post:
6 yoga benefits backed by science, from pain relief to better sleep - South China Morning Post

Specialty

Please choose I'm not a medical professional. Allergy and Immunology Anatomy Anesthesiology Biostatistics Cardiac/Thoracic/Vascular Surgery Cardiology Critical Care Dentistry Dermatology Diabetes and Endocrinology Emergency Medicine Epidemiology and Public Health Family Medicine Forensic Medicine Gastroenterology General Practice Genetics Geriatrics Health Policy Hematology HIV/AIDS Hospital-based Medicine I'm not a medical professional. Infectious Disease Integrative/Complementary Medicine Internal Medicine Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Medical Education and Simulation Medical Physics Medical Student Nephrology Neurological Surgery Neurology Nuclear Medicine Nutrition Obstetrics and Gynecology Occupational Health Oncology Ophthalmology Optometry Oral Medicine Orthopaedics Osteopathic Medicine Otolaryngology Pain Management Palliative Care Pathology Pediatrics Pediatric Surgery Pharmacology Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Plastic Surgery Podiatry Preventive Medicine Psychiatry Psychology Pulmonology Radiation Oncology Radiology Rheumatology Substance Use and Addiction Surgery Therapeutics Trauma Urology Miscellaneous

More:

Comparative Analysis of Classification of Neonatal Bilirubin by Using Various Machine Learning Approaches - Cureus

Its Mental Health Awareness Month. If youre one of the 32 percent of US adults who experienced symptoms of anxiety or depression last year, your doctor or mental health care provider may have recommended you learn meditation to help manage your stress. But how exactly does this age-old practice change the brain? Neuroscientist Richard Davidson, PhD 76, the William James and Vilas Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of WisconsinMadison, discusses his decades of research on meditationenabled in part by a collaboration with the Dalai Lamaand dispels myths about how it works and when, where, and how it can be done.

This transcript has been edited for clarity and correctness.

Well, I first met the Dalai Lama in 1992. He was the one who recognized the important currency of science in the modern Western world and wanted to encourage serious scientific research in this area. And he heard about me through the grapevine. He knew I was a closet meditator. He also knew that I was a serious neuroscientist.

And he asked me a very simple question when we first met: Why cant you use the same tools of modern neuroscience that youre using to study depression and anxiety and stress and use those tools to study kindness and to study compassion? And so, I made a commitment to the Dalai Lama, on that day in 1992, that I was going to do everything I could to put qualities like kindness and compassion within the crosshairs of modern science.

You also asked about key findings or key insights, and I think that one of the key insights is the finding that engaging in this very simple form of, if you will, a kind of mental exercise is accompanied by changes in the brain that we believe facilitate the enduring impact of these changes.

Yes, he did. His support and direct involvement were critical in recruiting these very long-term practitioners, and thats where our research began in this area. Because we reasoned, in a very simple-minded way, that we would first test these very long-term practitioners. And if we didnt see anything different in their brains, it was very unlikely that we would see differences in people who are just learning to meditate.

So, we brought people into our lab. We flew them from Asia. They came to Madison, Wisconsin. They spent, typically, somewhere between three and five or six days with us. And we tested them over this period of time in the laboratory. And there are a number of seminal publications that resulted from that that helped to establish that there was a there therethat there was something different about their brains.

And then we began to pursue that using other strategies, including looking at more novice practitioners because the work with long-term practitioners is super interesting and kind of flashy, but ultimately, its not fully scientifically satisfying because there are always questions about these long-term practitioners. After all, most people would not elect to live their life this way. And so these people are highly self-selected and presumably quite different to start with. And a skeptic could say, Well, maybe their brains are just different that way to begin with. Maybe it has nothing to do with meditation.

And so in order to do more rigorous scientific work, we needed to do a randomized controlled trial where you take people whove never meditated before. You randomly assign one group to meditation and another group to a control condition. You train them over time, and you test them before and after. And thats the kind of method that we and others have used to much more definitively establish that it is indeed the meditation that is producing the kinds of changes that were talking about.

We have found differences in, for example, the presence of certain brain waves that we can measure from the scalp surface. There is a frequency of brain oscillation called gamma oscillations, which are very fast frequencies. They are, on average, 40 cycles per second or 40 hertz. Most people do have gamma oscillations, but when you measure them in a typical average person, you see them for very short bursts. Theyre typically less than one second in duration, and they accompany states of focused attention. And you see a burst that may last a quarter of a second.

In these long-term practitioners, we saw these gamma oscillations present for minutes, not seconds. They were very large amplitudes. We actually could see them with the naked eye, which is almost unheard of in this kind of research. And we also saw that they were highly synchronized among different regions of the brain so that theyre aware of more things at any given time than most ordinary people. That was actually the very first major finding that we published.

In this case, were talking about people whove done just a little bit of practice. And so, in certain cases, theyre taking a course that lasts two months. And theyre meditating a total of somewhere between 24 and 30 hours over this two-month period. And there, we see clear changes in the functioning of the brain. We see changes in networks that are important for attention. We also see changes in networks that are important for the regulation of emotion. And in general, one of the important outcomes of this kind of training is improvements broadly in self-regulation, in our capacity to regulate both attention and emotion. And we see changes in the brain networks that are important in those aspects of self-regulation.

What we might say is that meditation represents a family of exercises that involve the intentional use of our mental capacities to improve our well-being and to nurture human flourishing. You dont need to be in any special place. You dont need to be in any special posture, and you can meditate anywhere any time.

We had one particular very long-term practitioner who made many visits to our laboratory over the course of a 12-year period. And so we have 12 years of serial MRI scans. And of course, we know the date on which each of these scans occurred, and we have lots of normative data now. And we can age and gender match it to know what the normal curve is for brain age over this period of life.

And so we can compare this very long-term practitioner. This is a practitioner who, when we first tested him, the very first time he came into the lab, had 62,000 hours of lifetime practice. Thats a big number. What we found is that he was in the 99th percentile of brain age. That is, he had the slowest brain age of a normative database of 1,000 people over this period of 12 years.

So thats one possibility for you. Your brain may be aging, and I would predict it would be aging, more slowly than your chronological age.

Yeah, there are literally hundreds of different kinds of meditation practices, and we have classified meditation into at least three broad families of practice. One we call awareness practices, and thats where mindfulness kinds of practices would be. The second we call deconstructive practices. The most important prototype for this is a kind of meditation that, for example, is most commonly done by the Dalai Lama but actually has received very little scientific attention. And its what we call analytic meditation, where through reasoning, there is a deconstruction of the self, if you will.

One example of that is the sentence that people might commonly use when they might say, Im in pain. If you use that sentence, when you say Im in pain, what does that actually mean? Who is the I in this sentence and does it mean that all of you is in pain, every cell in your body? And so what does it mean to say something like that? Or with an emotion when we say, Im sad. What does that actually mean? And what is the I in that sentence? So, reflecting on that is really beneficial, and thats a deconstructive practice.

The third category is constructive practice, actually generating a specific kind of emotion. The prototype for that is compassion meditation, where youre actively and intentionally generating this quality of compassion, or it could be kindness but one of these virtuous emotions.

To give a high-level summary, awareness practices and focused attention and concentration practices mostly affect systems in the brain that are concerned with the regulation of attention. The deconstructive practices are going to affect the default mode of the brain. This is the mode of brain function that has been linked to self-referential thought. The constructive practices, particularly compassion and kindness, will activate positive emotional centers in the brain and also activate, to some extent, perspective-taking areas of the brain that also are involved in empathy.

Yeah, that is a complete myth and stereotype. Meditation does not involve requiring in any way getting rid of thoughts. Human minds and brains, at least in large part, are there to produce thoughts. The goal of meditation is not to get rid of thoughts at all. Even the greatest meditation masters, and weve been lucky to study some of them in our laboratory, have thoughts. So, meditation may involve changing our relationship to thoughts, but it doesnt involve getting rid of thoughts.

Yeah, I would strongly agree with Jud. I think that thats a very important insight. And we have found that particularly in beginning practitioners, doing really short periods of practice several times a day is much more effective in producing desirable long-term outcomes.

Let me give you one example from a very recently published study that we did with K-12 public school teachers in the US. This study was actually done during COVID when the stress levels of K-12 educators were skyrocketing. On average, these teachers were practicing for a little less than five minutes a day. And they did it for 30 days, but they did it consistently. We found dramatic improvements in their well-being and reductions in standardized measures of depression and anxiety. And these improvements persisted at a follow-up that we did four months following the intervention. I should say this was done in the context of a rigorous, randomized controlled design.

The second thing that we did in this particular study, is we said, you dont have to meditate sitting in a chair or sitting on a cushion. You can meditate while youre commuting. You can meditate while youre washing the dishes. You can meditate while youre doing physical exercise. You can meditate while youre brushing your teeth. And it turns out that, 40 percent of the time, people were electing to do these practices actively while they were engaged in other activities of daily living. And the important finding is that the benefits were just as effective, whether they were sitting on a cushion or doing these actively.

People, in public talks that I give, people often ask, well, Whats the best form of meditation that I could do? And Ill say, Ill tell you, the best form of meditation that you could do is the form of meditation that you actually do.

My reading of the data is that its basically comparable in terms of its impact on, for example, symptoms of anxiety and depression. Whats different is that it has fewer side effects. That is, meditation has fewer side effects. And were much more likely to continue with meditation than we are with pharmaceuticals because of the side-effect profiles.

People dont want to be on these drugs for the rest of their lives. And we dont even know what the safety profile is for very long-term maintenance on these kinds of pharmaceuticals. There is some data to suggest that, in part, because of what I just said, the longer-term effects, particularly in preventing relapse, are more in favor of meditation.

And then finally, I think the last point to make here, is that I think that there is some reason to think strength-based approaches, rather than deficit-based approaches may ultimately be better. Because theres a lot of reason to believe that many of the skills which are important for flourishing, are actually innate, at least the seeds of them are innate. And so, strengthening them, and cultivating them makes more sense than simply treatments to get rid of the symptoms.

Theres some research on a mechanistic level looking at the brain, which has found some similarities but also some differences in how psychedelics and meditation might work. In my view, the application of psychedelics to the treatment of specific disorders is different than the application of psychedelics to people who dont have a frank disorder and who otherwise, might be interested in meditation and/or psychedelics for the purposes of further enhancing their well-being or flourishing or spiritual development, whatever that might be.

We know that the nature of a psychedelic experience is at least in part a function of the guide or facilitator that one has. And just like in meditation, receiving instruction from a really experienced practitioner is very different than receiving instruction from someone who just took an MBSR course.

And so, the training of these psychedelic guides is a serious issue. And what were seeing today is a proliferation of these money-making one-year programs at various places around the country to train psychedelic guides for people who, otherwise, had very little experience. And that frightens me, to be honest.

A second concern is that meditation is not about the experience we have when were meditating. We can have all kinds of experiences when were meditating. We can have blissful experiences. We can also have really difficult experiences. And sometimes those really difficult experiences end up being as important, if not more important than the blissful experiences. And its not about the experience. And psychedelics produce really dramatic experiences. And often, people get very focused on the experience. And people who have had a psychedelic experience often want to recreate that experience. But it really is not about the experience.

Its not going to help you become a kinder person. And those are the measures, ultimately, which matter. Does your spouse think youre nicer, and youre more cooperative and more altruistic? Both meditation and psychedelics, in their original form, as plant-based medicine were, in the psychedelic case, embedded in Indigenous contexts and the meditation in religious and spiritual contexts, both of which have an ethical container. And I think that this ethical framework is really important and is an active ingredient in the beneficial effects that these might have.

(Reprinted with permission from the Harvard Gazette. Click here to read the original post.)

See the original post here:

Meditation Changes the Brain: Heres How - India New England

Register for free to listen to this article

Thank you. Listen to this article using the player above.

Want to listen to this article for FREE?

Complete the form below to unlock access to ALL audio articles.

Scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry measured the pupillary reaction of participants while they were solving a task. In healthy participants, the pupils dilated during the task in anticipation of a reward, but this reaction was less pronounced in participants with depression: "The reduced pupil reaction was particularly noticeable in patients who could no longer feel pleasure and reported a loss of energy," says Andy Brendler, first author of the study.

The feeling of listlessness is one of the most common symptoms of depression. "This finding helps us to better understand the physiological mechanisms behind listlessness," explains research group leader Victor Spoormaker. Amongst other things, the pupillary reaction is a marker for activity in the locus coeruleus, the brain structure with the highest concentration of noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system.

Noradrenergic neurons react to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, an important component in the stress response and the upregulation of arousal, in other words the activation of the nervous system. "The reduced pupillary response in patients with more listlessness indicates that the lacking activation of the locus coeruleus is an important physiological process that underlies the feeling of listlessness," says Spoormaker.

Subscribe to Technology Networks daily newsletter, delivering breaking science news straight to your inbox every day.

The study also found the pupil response to be weaker the more depressive symptoms participants had. This replicates the findings of a previous study by the same research group. The replicability of neuropsychiatric methods is more the exception than the rule, and demonstrates the reliability of pupillometry as a method.

Pupillometry could be used as a supplementary method for diagnosis. It could also contribute to the development of individualized treatment strategies for depression. For example, if a patient shows a significantly reduced pupil response, antidepressants that act on the noradrenergic system could be more effective than other medications. The medication dosage could also be optimized based on the pupil reaction. Considering that an estimated 30 percent of depressive patients do not improve using the currently available medication. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind depression and fine-tuning diagnosis and treatment accordingly is urgently required.

Reference:Brendler A, Schneider M, Elbau IG, et al. Assessing hypo-arousal during reward anticipation with pupillometry in patients with major depressive disorder: replication and correlations with anhedonia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):344. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48792-0

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

Read the original:
Brain Imaging Shows Why Depression Saps Our Motivation - Technology Networks